Heat

Heat is a form of energy that is transferred between systems or objects with different temperatures (thermal energy transfer).

The melting point is the temperature at which a solid becomes a liquid at a given pressure.

An endothermic process is a reaction or change that absorbs heat from its surroundings.

An exothermic process is a reaction or change that releases heat to its surroundings.

Specific heat capacity is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of a substance by 1 degree Celsius.

The formula is Q = mcΔT, where Q is heat energy, m is mass, c is specific heat capacity, and ΔT is the change in temperature.

The heat of fusion is the amount of heat required to convert a unit mass of a solid into a liquid at its melting point.

The heat of vaporization is the amount of heat required to convert a unit mass of a liquid into a gas at its boiling point.

As temperature increases, the kinetic energy of the particles in a substance also increases.

At 0°C, water can exist as both a solid (ice) and a liquid, which is its melting point.