Front

What is signal amplification in cell communication?

Back

Signal amplification is the process by which a small number of signaling molecules can produce a large response in the target cell, often achieved through an enzyme cascade.

Front

What is an example of local cell communication?

Back

An example of local cell communication is neurons communicating across a synapse.

Front

What is a secondary messenger?

Back

A secondary messenger is a molecule that relays signals received at receptors on the cell surface to target molecules inside the cell. An example is cAMP.

Front

How do steroid hormones differ from protein hormones?

Back

Steroid hormones are hydrophobic and can pass through cell membranes, while protein hormones are hydrophilic and cannot.

Front

Where does a ligand bind to initiate signal transduction?

Back

A ligand binds to a receptor to initiate signal transduction.

Front

What role do receptors play in cell communication?

Back

Receptors are proteins on the cell surface or inside the cell that bind to signaling molecules (ligands) and initiate a cellular response.

Front

What is the function of cAMP in cell signaling?

Back

cAMP acts as a secondary messenger that transmits signals from receptors to target molecules within the cell, amplifying the signal.

Front

What is the difference between endocrine and paracrine signaling?

Back

Endocrine signaling involves hormones traveling through the bloodstream to distant target cells, while paracrine signaling involves signals affecting nearby cells.

Front

What is the significance of phosphorylation in signal transduction?

Back

Phosphorylation is a key mechanism in signal transduction that activates or deactivates proteins, thereby regulating cellular processes.

Front

What are G-proteins and their role in cell signaling?

Back

G-proteins are molecular switches that transmit signals from activated receptors to downstream effectors, playing a crucial role in signal transduction pathways.