Front

Why are anions larger than their neutral atoms?

Back

Anions are larger than their neutral atoms due to more shielding that repels the other electrons.

Front

When an electron is in a higher energy level, it has ___________ Coulombic attraction to the nucleus.

Back

Less.

Front

What do mass spectroscopy graphs measure?

Back

Mass of isotopes.

Front

When reading a PES (Photoelectron Spectroscopy) graph, a larger binding energy means that the electrons are _________________ the nucleus?

Back

Closer to.

Front

What type of hybridization does a carbon atom undergo when forming double bonds?

Back

sp² hybridization.

Front

Define shielding in the context of atomic structure.

Back

Shielding refers to the phenomenon where inner electrons repel outer electrons, reducing the effective nuclear charge felt by the outer electrons.

Front

What is Coulombic attraction?

Back

Coulombic attraction is the force of attraction between positively charged protons in the nucleus and negatively charged electrons.

Front

Explain the concept of effective nuclear charge (Z_eff).

Back

Effective nuclear charge (Z_eff) is the net positive charge experienced by an electron in a multi-electron atom, accounting for shielding by other electrons.

Front

What is the significance of binding energy in PES?

Back

Binding energy indicates how tightly an electron is held by the nucleus; higher binding energy means the electron is more tightly bound.

Front

What is hybridization in chemistry?

Back

Hybridization is the mixing of atomic orbitals to form new hybrid orbitals suitable for the pairing of electrons to form chemical bonds.