Understanding Null and Alternative Hypotheses

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What is a null hypothesis?

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A statement that there is no effect or difference in the population being studied.

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What is an alternative hypothesis?

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A statement that indicates the presence of an effect or difference in the population being studied.

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What does a p-value represent in hypothesis testing?

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The probability of obtaining test results at least as extreme as the observed results, assuming that the null hypothesis is true.

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What is the significance level (alpha) in hypothesis testing?

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The threshold for determining whether to reject the null hypothesis, commonly set at 0.05.

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What does it mean to reject the null hypothesis?

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It means there is sufficient evidence to support the alternative hypothesis.

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What does it mean to fail to reject the null hypothesis?

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It means there is not enough evidence to support the alternative hypothesis.

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What is a Type I error?

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Rejecting the null hypothesis when it is actually true.

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What is a Type II error?

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Failing to reject the null hypothesis when the alternative hypothesis is true.

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How do you formulate a null hypothesis for a study?

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State that there is no effect or difference related to the variable being tested.

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What is the role of sample size in hypothesis testing?

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Larger sample sizes provide more reliable estimates and increase the power of the test.