Introduction to Earth's Systems

The rock cycle is a continuous process that describes the transformation of rocks through various stages: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic.

Magma is molten rock located beneath the Earth's surface.

When magma cools, it solidifies to form igneous rock.

The hydrosphere includes all the water on Earth, such as oceans, lakes, rivers, and groundwater.

The biosphere, which includes all living organisms, relies on the hydrosphere for water, which is essential for life.

An abyssal plain is a flat, deep-sea floor that is found at depths of 3,000 to 6,000 meters below sea level.

A valley is a low area of land between hills or mountains, often with a river running through it.

Forest fires can lead to runoff water filled with ash and debris, which can pollute waterways.

Erosion is the process by which soil and rock are removed from the Earth's surface by natural forces such as wind or water.

Deposition is the process by which sediments, soil, and rocks are added to a landform or land mass.