AP Biology Unit 4: Cell Communication & Cell Cycle

Front

What are the phases of mitosis during which chromosomes are composed of two chromatids?

Back

From G2 of interphase through metaphase.

Front

What is paracrine signaling?

Back

Paracrine signaling involves secreting cells acting on nearby target cells by discharging a local regulator into the extracellular fluid.

Front

What is the general name for an enzyme that transfers phosphate groups from ATP to a protein?

Back

Protein kinase.

Front

What are the three stages of cell signaling from the perspective of the cell receiving the message?

Back

Signal reception, signal transduction, and cellular response.

Front

How does estrogen mediate many effects in the body?

Back

Estrogen binds to specific receptors inside many kinds of cells, each of which have different responses to its binding.

Front

What is the role of protein kinases in cell signaling?

Back

Protein kinases transfer phosphate groups from ATP to specific proteins, altering their function.

Front

Define signal transduction.

Back

Signal transduction is the process by which a cell converts an external signal into a functional response.

Front

What is the difference between endocrine and paracrine signaling?

Back

Endocrine signaling involves hormones traveling through the bloodstream to distant target cells, while paracrine signaling involves local regulators acting on nearby cells.

Front

What is the significance of the G1 phase in the cell cycle?

Back

The G1 phase is crucial for cell growth and preparation for DNA replication.

Front

What happens during anaphase of mitosis?

Back

During anaphase, sister chromatids are pulled apart to opposite poles of the cell.