Front

What is the role of mRNA in transcription?

Back

mRNA (messenger RNA) is responsible for copying the DNA and bringing the genetic information out of the nucleus to the ribosome for protein synthesis.

Front

Why are insertion and deletion mutations considered harmful?

Back

Insertion and deletion mutations change all of the codons from the mutation on down the line, which alters the amino acid sequence and can significantly affect protein function.

Front

How do tRNA and mRNA interact during translation?

Back

Anticodons on the tRNA line up with complementary codons on the mRNA, allowing the tRNA to bring the correct amino acids to the growing polypeptide chain.

Front

What is duplication in genetics?

Back

Duplication is a type of mutation where a piece of a chromosome is copied and remains within the chromosome, potentially leading to gene dosage effects.

Front

Define translocation in the context of genetics.

Back

Translocation is a mutation where a piece of a chromosome breaks off and attaches to another chromosome, which can disrupt gene function.

Front

What is the function of tRNA in protein synthesis?

Back

tRNA (transfer RNA) carries amino acids to the ribosome and matches them to the coded mRNA sequence during translation.

Front

What is a mutation?

Back

A mutation is a change in the DNA sequence that can lead to changes in the structure and function of proteins.

Front

Explain the difference between substitution and frameshift mutations.

Back

Substitution mutations replace one nucleotide with another, while frameshift mutations (insertion or deletion) shift the reading frame of the genetic code.

Front

What is the significance of codons in mRNA?

Back

Codons are sequences of three nucleotides in mRNA that specify which amino acid will be added during protein synthesis.

Front

What is the role of ribosomes in translation?

Back

Ribosomes are the cellular machinery that facilitate the decoding of mRNA into a polypeptide chain by bringing together mRNA and tRNA.