correlation vs causation

Front

What does correlation mean?

Back

Correlation indicates that two variables are related to each other, but it does not imply that one causes the other.

Front

What does causation mean?

Back

Causation means that one event is the result of the occurrence of another event; it implies a cause-and-effect relationship.

Front

What is the correlation coefficient (r)?

Back

The correlation coefficient (r) is a statistical measure that describes the strength and direction of a relationship between two variables.

Front

What is the range of the correlation coefficient (r)?

Back

The correlation coefficient (r) ranges from -1 to 1.

Front

What does a correlation coefficient of -0.89 indicate?

Back

A correlation coefficient of -0.89 indicates a strong negative correlation between the two variables.

Front

What does a positive correlation mean?

Back

A positive correlation means that as one variable increases, the other variable also tends to increase.

Front

What does a negative correlation mean?

Back

A negative correlation means that as one variable increases, the other variable tends to decrease.

Front

Can correlation imply causation?

Back

No, correlation does not imply causation; just because two variables are correlated does not mean one causes the other.

Front

Give an example of causation.

Back

An insect ate poison and it died.

Front

What is an example of correlation without causation?

Back

Ice cream sales and drowning incidents may correlate, but one does not cause the other.