Biology-9 Pathogens and Immunity

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What are pathogens?

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Microorganisms that can cause disease in humans and other organisms.

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What are antigens?

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Substances that trigger an immune response, recognized by the immune system as foreign.

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What do B cells produce?

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Antibodies, which are proteins that help to identify and neutralize pathogens.

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What is the role of antibodies?

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To bind to specific antigens and help eliminate pathogens from the body.

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What is the immune system?

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A complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to defend the body against pathogens.

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What are lymphocytes?

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A type of white blood cell that plays a key role in the immune response, including B cells and T cells.

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What is the difference between specific and non-specific immune responses?

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Specific responses target specific pathogens, while non-specific responses act against a wide range of invaders.

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What is the spleen's function in the immune system?

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To filter blood and help produce and store white blood cells.

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What are macrophages?

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Large white blood cells that engulf and digest pathogens and debris.

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What is the first line of defense in the immune system?

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Physical and chemical barriers such as skin, mucous membranes, and secretions.