The mantle can be divided into three separate layers.

The Lithosphere, The Asthenosphere, The Lower Mantle

Alfred Wegener's hypothesis about continents

In 1912, Alfred Wegener hypothesized that Earth's continents were once a single landmass called Pangaea and have slowly moved apart over time.

Evidence supporting Wegener's hypothesis

Rock and fossil evidence found on different continents, such as mountain ranges, plant fossils (Glossopteris), animal fossils (Mesosaurus and Lystrosaurus), and glacier scratches and gouges.

Seafloor spreading was first proposed by American geologist Harry Hess in 1960. It involves the movement of ocean floors like conveyor belts, with new crust being added at mid-ocean ridges.

Mid-ocean ridges are undersea mountain ranges where seafloor spreading takes place.

A deep-ocean trench is where the ocean floor sinks into the mantle in a process called subduction.

Evidence for seafloor spreading

1. Molten material erupting from mid-ocean ridges. 2. Magnetized stripes in ocean floor rocks showing reversals of Earth's magnetic field. 3. Age of rocks increases with distance from mid-ocean ridges.

The Earth's lithosphere is broken into pieces called plates, which are constantly moving due to convection in the Earth's mantle.

The places where plates meet are called plate boundaries, which include divergent, convergent, and transform boundaries.

Divergent boundaries occur where two plates separate, forming mid-ocean ridges or rift valleys on land.

Convergent boundaries

Convergent boundaries occur where two plates collide, forming mountain ranges or causing subduction when an oceanic plate collides with another plate.

Transform boundaries occur where two plates slide past each other in opposite directions.

Plate movement along transform boundaries can result in earthquakes.

Cracks in the Earth's crust, called faults, form along plate boundaries where rocks move.

Normal Faults are caused by tension at divergent plate boundaries. Reverse Faults are caused by compression at convergent plate boundaries. Strike-Slip Faults are caused by shearing at transform plate boundaries.

Earthquakes are the shaking of the Earth's surface caused by plate movement.

The point beneath Earth's surface where stress to the rock triggers an earthquake is called the focus. The point on the Earth's surface directly above the focus is called the epicenter. An aftershock is an earthquake that occurs following a main earthquake. Earthquakes that move the ocean floor can cause water to be displaced forming large waves called tsunamis.

Seismic Waves are vibrations that carry the energy released during an earthquake in all directions away from the focus.

P Waves: P waves are the primary, or first, waves to arrive from the focus to Earth's surface. P waves compress and expand, or push and pull, similar to an accordion. P waves can travel through both solids and liquids. S Waves: S waves are the secondary waves to arrive at Earth's surface.

A machine used to record the movement of earthquake (seismic) waves as they move through Earth.

The record of seismic waves produced by a seismograph.

Measures an earthquake’s magnitude based on the size of seismic waves recorded on a seismogram.

Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale

Measures the intensity of an earthquake based on the level of damage at a particular place.

Moment Magnitude Scale

Estimates the total amount of energy released by an earthquake using data collected from seismographs.

Locating the Epicenter

Seismograms show the times P waves and S waves arrive at the seismograph station.

The greater the time difference, or lag time, between the P waves and S waves arrival, the farther away the earthquake occurred from the seismograph station.

Lag time helps determine the distance of an earthquake from the seismograph station.

Geologists use a special distance-time graph to determine the exact distance from the seismograph station to the epicenter.

A distance-time graph is used to find the distance to the earthquake's epicenter.

With data from a minimum of three seismograph stations, geologists can determine the location of the epicenter of an earthquake.

Three seismograph stations are needed to locate an earthquake's epicenter.

Volcanoes occur in belts that form along plate boundaries.

Volcanoes are commonly found along plate boundaries.

At diverging boundaries, volcanoes form along mid-ocean ridges and rift valleys.

Diverging boundaries create volcanoes at mid-ocean ridges and rift valleys.

Where two oceanic plates converge, volcanoes occur along the deep-ocean trench and form island arcs.

Converging oceanic plates form volcanoes and island arcs.

Where an oceanic plate and a continental plate converge, volcanoes occur along the subduction zone.

Subduction zones form volcanoes at oceanic-continental plate boundaries.

Hot spots form volcanoes in areas where magma from deep within the mantle erupts through the crust.

Hot spots create volcanoes from deep mantle magma.

Unit 2 Review Flashcards Earth's Interior Structure Flashcards

Student preview

64 questions

Show all answers

1.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Earth's interior structure is made up of three main layers.

Back

The Crust, The Mantle, The Core

2.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

The outermost layer of the Earth.

Back

The Crust

3.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

The crust is composed of solid rock and includes both dry land and the ocean floor.

Back

True

4.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Crust that makes up dry land.

Back

Continental crust

5.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Crust beneath the ocean.

Back

Oceanic crust

6.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

The layer directly below Earth's crust.

Back

The Mantle

7.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Convection currents take place within this layer.

Back

The Mantle

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