Similar numbers are apparent in many other U.S. states and even in the U.S. House of Representatives as a whole in the 2012 election.

The 2012 election showed similar voting and seat distribution patterns in many U.S. states and the House of Representatives.

Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494

The Treaty of Tordesillas was an agreement between Spain and Portugal in 1494 to divide the newly discovered lands outside Europe.

Berlin Conference, 1884-85

The Berlin Conference regulated European colonization and trade in Africa during the New Imperialism period.

Partition of Africa, 1885-1914

The division of African territories among European powers, leading to the establishment of colonial rule.

Map of Africa showing colonial powers and territories during the Partition of Africa.

The map illustrates the division of African regions among British, French, German, Portuguese, Italian, Belgian, Spanish, and independent territories.

Cartographic partition

A consequence of mapping that involves dividing areas into distinct sections.

Marking people as "others"

A cartographic consequence where people are categorized as different or separate.

A map illustrating the global reach of the British Empire in 1886, showcasing its extensive colonial territories.

Philadelphia racialized redlining map

The map from 1937 illustrates the practice of redlining, where neighborhoods were rated based on racial and economic demographics, affecting access to loans and resources.

Map indicating data points across a geographical region.

This map shows data distribution across a specific geographical area, with different colored circles representing various data points or categories.

Marking people as “others”

The process of distinguishing or categorizing people as different or separate from a dominant group.

Helping produce modern governments and governing

The role of cartography in shaping contemporary political structures and administrative systems.

Map of historical regions of France

A historical map showing regions such as Anjou, Flandre, and Normandy in France.

A modern map highlighting major cities like Paris, Lyon, and Marseille in France.

Land Ordinance of 1785

Established a standardized system for land surveying and division in the Northwest Territory.

Land Management/Partitioning

Refers to the systematic division and organization of land for sale and settlement.

1807 plan for Manhattan’s grid

The 1807 plan for Manhattan's grid laid out the streets in a systematic pattern, which is largely followed in the city's current layout.

Manhattan today, mostly built according to the 1807 plan

Manhattan today is mostly built according to the 1807 grid plan, showcasing the effectiveness and longevity of early city planning.

The manipulation of electoral district boundaries to favor a particular political party or group.

Each politician in the U.S. House of Representatives is elected in a district of approximately equal population.

Politicians in the U.S. House of Representatives are elected from districts with roughly equal populations of about 760,000 people.

Example: New York State has 26 congressional districts.

New York State is divided into 26 congressional districts.

Where do districts come from?

Districts are created based on population data collected by the U.S. Census every 10 years.

Every 10 years, the U.S. Census counts every person living in the U.S.

The U.S. Census, conducted every 10 years, counts every person living in the country.

Census data is used for redistricting; re-drawing district lines so each district has about the same number of people.

Redistricting uses census data to redraw district lines, ensuring each district has a similar population size.

There is also a similar redistricting process for each state legislature.

State legislatures also undergo a redistricting process similar to congressional districts.

Map showing congressional districts in New York State.

The map illustrates the congressional districts within New York State.

Diagram explaining gerrymandering with three different ways to divide 50 people into five districts.

Gerrymandering is the practice of manipulating district boundaries to favor one party. The diagram shows three methods: 1. Perfect representation: 3 blue districts, 2 red districts (Blue wins). 2. Compact but unfair: 5 blue districts, 0 red districts (Blue wins). 3. Neither compact nor fair: 2 blue districts, 3 red districts (Red wins).

Cracking in gerrymandering

Spreading voters of an opposition party across multiple districts to deny them a large voting bloc in any one district.

Packing in gerrymandering

Concentrating voters of an opposition party into a single district to reduce their influence elsewhere.

Consequences of gerrymandering on vote representation

A majority of votes does not mean a majority of seats in a legislature/congress, which is problematic for a republic/democracy.

Impact of gerrymandering on politicians' behavior

Politicians in gerrymandered districts tend to be more extreme and less open to compromise.

Vulnerability of politicians in gerrymandered districts

They are not vulnerable to challengers from the other party in the next election but are vulnerable to challengers from within their own party, often from the extreme left or right.

Reason for extremism in gerrymandered districts

Politicians must be extreme to keep their own party’s base voters and have no reason to compromise when making policy/law.

Mapping and GPS Concepts Flashcards

Student preview

43 questions

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1.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Political effects and consequences of mapping and GIS

Back

Focus on gerrymandering

2.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Global Positioning Systems

Back

Review of GPS

3.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

How GPS works

Back

Explanation of GPS technical characteristics

4.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Types of GPS error

Back

Explanation of different GPS errors

5.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Improving GPS accuracy

Back

Ways to enhance GPS accuracy

6.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

In Wisconsin, Political party A won over 50% of the votes for the state legislature in the election.

Back

Political party A received a majority of the votes in the state legislature election.

7.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

In the same election, political party B won over 66% of the seats in the state legislature, a super-majority.

Back

Political party B secured a super-majority by winning over 66% of the seats in the state legislature.

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