Made up of melted pre-existing rocks in the Earth's mantle or crust.

Characteristics of igneous rocks

Mostly made up of interlocking crystals and usually very hard to break.

Diagram showing the formation of igneous rocks

Illustrates the process of magma or lava cooling to form igneous rocks.

Sedimentary rocks are formed from sediment grains deposited by water, wind, or ice.

Sediment grains deposited by water, wind, or ice.

Sediment grains are transported by wind, rivers, and streams to the sea.

By wind, rivers, and streams to the sea.

Diagram of sedimentary rock formation

Illustration showing layers and formation of sedimentary rocks.

Limestone with fossilized shells

Image of limestone containing fossilized shells.

Metamorphic rocks were once igneous or sedimentary rocks, but have been changed.

Metamorphic rocks are formed from igneous or sedimentary rocks that have undergone change.

They are changed by the high heat and/or intense pressure within the Earth’s crust.

Metamorphic rocks are altered by high heat and intense pressure within the Earth's crust.

They are crystalline and often have a “squashed” (foliated or banded) texture.

Metamorphic rocks are crystalline and typically have a squashed, foliated, or banded texture.

Image of metamorphic rock formation and a piece of marble.

The diagram shows the formation of metamorphic rocks and an example of marble, which used to be limestone.

Occurs when water seeps into cracks, freezes, and expands, breaking the rock apart due to environmental factors.

Caused by rainwater reacting with mineral grains in rocks to form new minerals and soluble salts, especially with slightly acidic water.

Biological Weathering

Occurs when tree roots grow through joints or cracks in rocks, gradually pushing them apart.

Weathering Processes Diagram

Illustrates physical and biological weathering processes.

Wind erosion is a serious environmental problem in the driest parts of the world.

Wind erosion removes soil from farmland and covers whole towns with sand and dust.

Wind and moving water transport millions of tons of sediment every day.

Sediment is moved along rivers, coasts, and even in the deep oceans.

Image of a rock formation affected by erosion

Erosion can create unique rock formations over time.

Image of a river valley showing sediment transport

Rivers can carry sediment from one place to another, shaping the landscape.

Image of beach erosion caused by gusty winds

Beach erosion is the process where wind, water, and other natural forces remove sand and soil from the shoreline.

The laying down of sediment carried by wind, water, or ice. Sediment can be transported as pebbles, sand, mud, or as salts dissolved in water.

Organic Activity in Deposition

Salts may be deposited by organic activity, such as sea-shells, or by evaporation.

As layers are piled, the sediments beneath are buried and compacted by the weight of layers above, squashing down the sediment grains.

Layers of sediment in the Grand Canyon

Image showing layers of sediment in the Grand Canyon.

Diagram of the rock cycle

The rock cycle illustrates the processes that create and transform the types of rocks in Earth's crust: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic.

Convergent boundary: Two plates colliding into one another.

Convergent boundaries can form mountains, trenches, and volcanic arcs. Examples include oceanic-oceanic, oceanic-continental, and continental-continental collisions.

Divergent boundary: Two plates moving apart.

Divergent boundaries can create new crust as magma rises to the surface, forming mid-ocean ridges and rift valleys.

Transform boundary: Two plates sliding past one another.

Transform boundaries can cause earthquakes due to the friction between sliding plates. An example is the San Andreas Fault.

A study in which the researcher merely observes what is happening or what has happened in the past and tries to draw conclusions based on these observations.

A study in which the researcher manipulates one of the variables and tries to determine how the manipulation influences other variables.

The Rock Cycle Flashcards

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FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Diagram showing the rock cycle with igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks.

Back

The rock cycle illustrates the processes that create and transform the three types of rocks: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic.

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