Bio Final

Front

What is the role of the brain in coordinating the circulatory and respiratory systems?

Back

The brain coordinates the circulatory and respiratory systems by processing signals from pH sensors that detect changes in blood CO2 concentration, which influences the rate of breathing.

Front

What physiological response occurs when blood pH decreases due to increased CO2 concentration?

Back

When blood pH decreases, pH sensors send signals to the brain, which then signals the diaphragm to increase the rate of breathing to eliminate excess CO2.

Front

What is a common mutation that can lead to cancer?

Back

A receptor mutation that activates a cell-division pathway in the absence of the appropriate ligand can lead to cancer.

Front

What is the function of tumor-suppressor proteins?

Back

Tumor-suppressor proteins help regulate cell division and prevent uncontrolled cell growth, which can lead to cancer.

Front

What happens at the anaphase checkpoint during cell division?

Back

At the anaphase checkpoint, chromatids are separated only if all centromeres are properly attached to the kinetochore microtubules from both poles.

Front

What is the role of calcitonin in calcium homeostasis?

Back

Calcitonin helps lower blood calcium levels by promoting the deposition of calcium into bones.

Front

What is the effect of parathyroid hormone (PTH) on blood calcium levels?

Back

PTH increases blood calcium levels by stimulating the release of calcium from bones and increasing calcium reabsorption in the kidneys.

Front

How do cancer cells differ from normal cells in terms of cell cycle?

Back

Cancer cells typically have a shorter cell cycle compared to normal, healthy cells, leading to more rapid cell division.

Front

What is the significance of cell-cycle checkpoints?

Back

Cell-cycle checkpoints are critical for ensuring that cells do not proceed to the next phase of division until they are ready, preventing errors that could lead to cancer.

Front

What is the relationship between cellular respiration and blood CO2 levels?

Back

Increased cellular respiration leads to higher levels of CO2 in the blood, which can decrease blood pH and trigger a physiological response to increase breathing rate.