AP Biology Unit 4 Review

Front

What is signal transduction?

Back

The process by which a cell responds to external signals through a series of molecular events, leading to a cellular response.

Front

What is the role of G-protein receptors in cell signaling?

Back

G-protein receptors are involved in transmitting signals from outside the cell to the inside, activating G-proteins that trigger various cellular responses.

Front

Define transcription in the context of cell signaling.

Back

Transcription is the process of copying a segment of DNA into mRNA, which can then be translated into proteins that carry out cellular functions.

Front

What is positive feedback in biological systems?

Back

A process where the output of a system enhances or amplifies the initial stimulus, leading to an even greater response.

Front

Give an example of a positive feedback mechanism in the human body.

Back

Immune cells releasing inflammatory cytokines during an infection, which further stimulate more immune responses.

Front

What phase follows metaphase in mitosis?

Back

Anaphase, where sister chromatids are pulled apart to opposite poles of the cell.

Front

What is the significance of receptor protein mutations?

Back

Mutations can alter the shape or function of receptor proteins, affecting their ability to bind ligands and transmit signals, disrupting normal cell signaling.

Front

Define catabolic reaction.

Back

A reaction that breaks down complex molecules into simpler ones, releasing energy in the process.

Front

What is an anabolic reaction?

Back

A reaction that builds complex molecules from simpler ones, requiring an input of energy.

Front

Explain the concept of a phosphorylation cascade.

Back

A series of biochemical events where one enzyme activates another through phosphorylation, amplifying the signal within the cell.