What is an independent variable (IV)?

The variable that is deliberately changed in the experiment.

What is a dependent variable (DV)?

The variable that is measured or observed, which depends on the IV.

What are constants in an experiment?

Variables that are kept the same throughout the experiment to ensure fairness.

What might be the constants in an experiment testing the effect of light on plant growth?

The type of plant, amount of water, and type of soil.

What is a conversion factor?

A ratio used to convert between different units (e.g., 1 meter = 100 centimeters).

What is dimensional analysis?

A method to convert units by using conversion factors and ensuring consistency.

What is scientific notation?

A way to express very large or very small numbers in the form a × 10^n, where a is a number between 1 and 10, and n is the exponent.

Why is scientific notation significant?

It simplifies calculations and allows for easy handling of extreme numbers in scientific work.

Pure substances that consist of only one type of atom.

Substances made of two or more elements chemically bonded.

Physical combinations of two or more substances, which can be homogeneous or heterogeneous.

What are extensive properties?

Properties that depend on the amount of substance present (e.g., mass, volume).

What are intensive properties?

Properties that do not depend on the amount of substance (e.g., density, temperature).

What are physical properties?

Properties that can be observed or measured without changing the substance’s composition (e.g., color, melting point).

What are chemical properties?

Properties that describe a substance’s ability to undergo a chemical change.

What is a physical change?

A change in the appearance or state of matter but not in its composition (e.g., melting ice).

What is a chemical change?

A change that results in the formation of a new substance (e.g., burning paper, rusting iron).

What are signs of a chemical reaction?

Change in color, formation of a gas (bubbles), formation of a precipitate, release or absorption of heat.

What does an atom consist of?

Protons (positively charged, found in the nucleus), neutrons (neutral, found in the nucleus), and electrons (negatively charged, orbit around the nucleus).

What is the Bohr Model?

A model where electrons are arranged in fixed orbits around the nucleus.

What is electron configuration?

Describes how electrons are arranged in orbitals (e.g., 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ for oxygen).

Why do elements in the same group share similar chemical properties?

Because they have the same number of valence electrons.

Why do elements in the same period share the same number of electron shells?

Because they are arranged in the same row of the periodic table.

Good conductors of heat and electricity, malleable, and ductile (e.g., copper, iron).

Poor conductors, brittle, and often gases at room temperature (e.g., oxygen, nitrogen).

Elements that have properties of both metals and nonmetals (e.g., silicon, arsenic).

Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons (e.g., Carbon-12 and Carbon-14).

What is the atomic number?

The number of protons in an atom, which defines the element.

What is the mass number?

The sum of protons and neutrons in an atom.

What are valence electrons?

The electrons in the outermost shell, involved in chemical bonding.

What is electron energy?

Electrons in higher energy levels are farther from the nucleus and have higher energy.

What are alkali metals?

Highly reactive metals, especially with water (e.g., sodium, potassium).

What are alkaline earth metals?

Reactive metals but less so than alkali metals (e.g., magnesium, calcium).

Very reactive elements that often form salts with metals (e.g., chlorine, iodine).

What are noble gases?

Unreactive, inert gases (e.g., helium, neon).

What is chemical bonding?

Atoms bond by gaining, losing, or sharing electrons to achieve a stable electron configuration.

What is hyphen notation?

Identifies an isotope by the element name and mass number (e.g., Carbon-14).

Basic Chemistry Concepts Flashcards

Student preview

50 questions

Show all answers

1.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

What is accuracy?

Back

Accuracy refers to how close a measured value is to the true or accepted value.

2.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

What is precision?

Back

Precision refers to how close multiple measurements are to each other, regardless of whether they are close to the true value.

3.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Why is it important for data to be both accurate and precise?

Back

Data that is both accurate and precise increases the reliability of the results and leads to valid conclusions in scientific investigations.

4.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

What is the SI unit for length?

Back

Meter (m)

5.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

What is the SI unit for mass?

Back

Kilogram (kg)

6.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

What is the SI unit for time?

Back

Second (s)

7.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

What is the SI unit for temperature?

Back

Kelvin (K)

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