Front

Caliphate

Back

A political and religious system of governance in which the caliph, as the leader of the Muslim community, is considered a successor to the Prophet Muhammad. (哈里发制)

Front

Baghdad

Back

The capital of Iraq, founded in the 8th century, it became a major cultural and intellectual center during the Islamic Golden Age. (巴格达)

Front

Scholars

Back

Individuals engaged in academic study and research, particularly in fields such as philosophy, science, and literature, who played a crucial role in advancing knowledge. (学者)

Front

Alchemy

Back

An ancient practice combining elements of chemistry, physics, medicine, astrology, and art, often aimed at transforming base metals into gold or discovering the elixir of life. (炼金术)

Front

Astronomy

Back

The scientific study of celestial bodies, including stars, planets, and galaxies, which flourished through observations and the development of instruments like the astrolabe. (天文学)

Front

Mathematics

Back

The abstract science of number, quantity, and space, which saw significant advancements, including the introduction of Arabic numerals and algebra. (数学)

Front

Medicine

Back

The field of health and healing that advanced significantly during this period, with notable contributions in surgery, pharmacology, and medical ethics. (医学)

Front

Philosophy

Back

The study of fundamental questions regarding existence, knowledge, and ethics, heavily influenced by Greek thinkers and adapted by Muslim philosophers. (哲学)

Front

Architecture

Back

The art and science of designing buildings, which saw remarkable developments in mosque design, urban planning, and the use of intricate geometric patterns. (建筑学)

Front

Translation

Back

The process of converting texts from one language to another, particularly the translation of Greek and other classical works into Arabic, which preserved and expanded knowledge. (翻译)