Grade 8_Unit 3_Islamic Golden Age Concepts

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Caliphate

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A political and religious system of governance in which the caliph, as the leader of the Muslim community, is considered a successor to the Prophet Muhammad. (哈里发制)

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Baghdad

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The capital of Iraq, founded in the 8th century, it became a major cultural and intellectual center during the Islamic Golden Age. (巴格达)

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Scholars

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Individuals engaged in academic study and research, particularly in fields such as philosophy, science, and literature, who played a crucial role in advancing knowledge. (学者)

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Alchemy

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An ancient practice combining elements of chemistry, physics, medicine, astrology, and art, often aimed at transforming base metals into gold or discovering the elixir of life. (炼金术)

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Astronomy

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The scientific study of celestial bodies, including stars, planets, and galaxies, which flourished through observations and the development of instruments like the astrolabe. (天文学)

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Mathematics

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The abstract science of number, quantity, and space, which saw significant advancements, including the introduction of Arabic numerals and algebra. (数学)

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Medicine

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The field of health and healing that advanced significantly during this period, with notable contributions in surgery, pharmacology, and medical ethics. (医学)

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Philosophy

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The study of fundamental questions regarding existence, knowledge, and ethics, heavily influenced by Greek thinkers and adapted by Muslim philosophers. (哲学)

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Architecture

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The art and science of designing buildings, which saw remarkable developments in mosque design, urban planning, and the use of intricate geometric patterns. (建筑学)

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Translation

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The process of converting texts from one language to another, particularly the translation of Greek and other classical works into Arabic, which preserved and expanded knowledge. (翻译)