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What is a theory in research?

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A theory is a systematic explanation of phenomena that helps researchers understand, predict, and control various aspects of the social world. It consists of concepts and propositions that explain relationships between variables or phenomena.

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What is the importance of theory in research?

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1. Guides Research Questions: Theory helps in formulating research questions and hypotheses. 2. Framework for Analysis: It provides a framework for analyzing data and interpreting findings. 3. Contextualizes Findings: Theory situates research findings within existing knowledge, allowing researchers to contribute to ongoing academic discussions. 4. Informs Methodology: Different theories may suggest different methodologies or approaches to data collection.

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How do theories function in quantitative research?

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In quantitative research, theories are often explicitly stated at the beginning of a study to guide hypothesis formulation. They help in establishing causal relationships through experimentation or statistical analysis.

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What are independent and dependent variables in quantitative research?

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Independent Variables: Factors manipulated to observe effects on dependent variables. Dependent Variables: Outcomes measured to assess the impact of independent variables.

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What is the role of theory in qualitative research?

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In qualitative research, theories may emerge from data rather than being imposed beforehand. This flexibility allows for deeper exploration of complex social phenomena.

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What is the distinction between a theoretical framework and a conceptual framework?

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A theoretical framework is a collection of interrelated concepts and theories that provides a systematic way to understand a particular phenomenon, guiding the development of hypotheses and interpretation of findings. A conceptual framework is a visual or written representation that outlines possible courses of action or presents a preferred approach to an idea, often including key concepts and variables relevant to the research question.

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What are the characteristics of a theoretical framework?

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1. Based on Existing Theories: Theoretical frameworks are often derived from established theories in the field. 2. Guides Research Design: It informs research questions, methodology, and data analysis techniques. 3. Predictive Power: A strong theoretical framework can help predict outcomes based on defined relationships.

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What are the characteristics of a conceptual framework?

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1. Flexible and Dynamic: Conceptual frameworks can be more fluid and adaptable, allowing researchers to explore new ideas. 2. Focus on Relationships Among Variables: It delineates how various concepts or variables are related in the context of the study. 3. Illustrative Tool: It often takes the form of diagrams or models that visually represent relationships among variables.

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How can both theoretical and conceptual frameworks be used in research?

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It is possible to use both a theoretical framework and a conceptual framework in the same research study. The theoretical framework provides grounding in established knowledge, while the conceptual framework allows for exploration of new ideas or relationships.

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What is an example of integrating both frameworks in research?

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Research Topic: The Impact of Online Learning on Student Engagement. Theoretical Framework: Use Constructivist Learning Theory. Conceptual Framework: Develop a framework that includes variables such as types of online learning activities, student demographics, and measures of engagement.