Orbital Hybridization and Bonding

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Orbital hybridization

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A concept in chemistry where atomic orbitals mix to form new hybrid orbitals, which can form sigma bonds with other atoms.

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sp3 hybridization

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A type of orbital hybridization where one s orbital and three p orbitals mix to form four equivalent sp3 hybrid orbitals, typically seen in tetrahedral molecular geometry.

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sp2 hybridization

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A type of orbital hybridization where one s orbital and two p orbitals mix to form three equivalent sp2 hybrid orbitals, typically seen in trigonal planar molecular geometry.

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sp hybridization

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A type of orbital hybridization where one s orbital and one p orbital mix to form two equivalent sp hybrid orbitals, typically seen in linear molecular geometry.

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Sigma bond

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A type of covalent bond formed by the direct overlap of atomic orbitals, resulting in a bond along the axis connecting the two bonding nuclei.

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Pi bond

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A type of covalent bond formed by the side-to-side overlap of p orbitals, occurring in addition to a sigma bond in double and triple bonds.

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CO2

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Carbon dioxide, a linear molecule with two double bonds between the carbon and each oxygen atom, involving sp hybridization of the carbon atom.

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Type of orbital overlap between C and O in CO2

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sigma bond of C (sp) with O (sp2) and pi bonds of 2p orbitals

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Type of orbital overlap between H and C in CH4

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Sigma bond between C (sp3) and H (1s)

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Type of orbital overlap between C and O in CH2O

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Sigma C (sp2) and O (sp2) and Pi C (2p) and O (2p)