Surveying Concepts and Techniques

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Surveying

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art of determining the positions on or near the earth's surface.

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Plane Surveying and Geodetic Surveying.

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What are the two main classifications of surveys?

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Surveying

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is necessary for determining property boundaries and for planning and laying out projects such as subdivisions, highways, and railroads.

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Cadastral Survey

City Survey

Construction Survey

Forestry Survey

Hydrographic Survey

Industrial Survey

Mine Survey

Photogrammetric Survey

Route Survey

Topographic Survey.

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What are some types of surveys?

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Steel Tape

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is a graduated tape used for measuring distances, typically ranging from 15 to 100 meters.

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Plumb Bob

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used to project a point on the tape down to the ground or to project a point on the ground up to the tape.

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Theodolite

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is a precision instrument used for measuring angles in surveying.

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Systematic Errors

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are consistent errors that will always have the same sign and magnitude under constant field conditions.

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accuracy

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denotes how close measurements are to the true value.

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Precision

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refers to the consistency of measurements