Actin with binding sites for myosin heads.

Troponin and tropomyosin

Tropomyosin covers myosin binding sites; Ca2+ binds to troponin to move tropomyosin.

Steps of excitation-contraction coupling

ACh released, binds to receptors, Na+ enters, potential changes, Ca2+ released, binds to troponin.

Ca2+ ATPase pumps Ca2+ back, releasing it from troponin, covering binding sites.

Slow, needs oxygen, releases a small amount of energy.

Lactate and lactic acid, quick, releases a small amount of energy.

Creatine – phosphocreatine

Phosphocreatine made and stored in muscles, provides short bursts of energy.

Causes of muscle fatigue

Central fatigue (CNS), Peripheral fatigue (neuron/muscle changes), depletion of glycogen and ATP.

Slow twitch fibers (type I)

Endurance, uses aerobic respiration (ETC) for ATP, fatigue resistant.

Fast twitch fibers (type II)

Quick bursts, uses anaerobic metabolism and electron transport chain, easily fatigued.

Sarcomere length and tension

Sarcomeres contract with optimum force if at optimum length before contraction begins. Overstretched muscles cannot contract.

Summation in muscle contractions

Occurs when twitches happen close together, preventing full relaxation of the sarcomere. Full muscle movements result from summation.

Muscle relaxes completely between stimuli; a single stimulation of a muscle.

Tetanus in muscle contractions

Occurs when the muscle reaches maximal contraction.

Unfused vs complete tetanus

Unfused: Maximal contraction with slight relaxation between stimuli. Complete: Maximal contraction with no relaxation.

One motor neuron and its muscle fibers. Types and amount affect contraction force.

Asynchronous contraction of motor units

Different motor units take turns contracting, avoiding fatigue.

Isometric contraction

Does not move a load; muscle doesn’t shorten.

Generates enough force to move a load; muscle shortens.

Smooth muscle characteristics

No sarcomeres, controlled by the autonomic nervous system, works slowly, uses less energy.

Smooth muscle structure

Actin is more plentiful, lacks troponin, sarcoplasmic is varied and unorganized.

Usually relaxed, cycles between contraction and relaxation.

Usually contracted, contraction varies as needed.

Single unit smooth muscle

Muscle cells are connected by gap junctions and contract as one unit.

Multi unit smooth muscle

Needs each cell to be stimulated individually; no electrical link.

Cardiac muscle structure

Striated, sarcomere structure. Cells are linked electrically by gap junctions and can be branched.

Sensory receptors, external, minimally voluntary. Integrated at the spinal cord and brainstem. Inherent and rapid (e.g., knee jerk, cough).

External stimuli or at will. Integrated at cerebral cortex. Learned movements improve with practice (e.g., playing piano).

Initiation, termination, and modulation are voluntary, integrated at the spinal cord. Combination of voluntary and reflex.

Maintain balance and body positioning. Integrates information from semicircular canals and vision.

Respond to muscle tension. Pulls on collagen fibers, causing them to stop firing.

As muscle stretches, spindles cause contraction in response to protect from overstretching.

Requirements for voluntary movements

Sensory input from the external environment and internal proprioceptors, planning, and decision making.

Main integrating center, mostly a receptor, sends integrative output to brain stem, cerebellum, thalamus/cerebral cortex.

Posture, hand, and eye movement.

Motor Areas of Cerebral Cortex

Planning coordination and complex movement.

Coordinates voluntary movements and maintains posture.

Contains relay nuclei that modulate and pass messages to the cerebral cortex.

Feed forward reflexes

When the body prepares for an upcoming movement.

Central pattern generators are self-organizing biological neural circuits that produce rhythmic outputs without rhythmic input.

Neuromuscular junction

Where the neuron meets skeletal muscle tissue. Action potentials along the motor neuron signal for the release of ACh vesicles, ACh binds to nicotinic receptors, which opens ion channels, Na+ goes in, K+ goes out, depolarizes the cell.

Muscle Physiology Flashcards Flashcards

Student preview

75 questions

Show all answers

1.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Pump in sarcoplasmic reticulum

Back

Concentrates and holds Ca2+ because of Ca2+ pump.

2.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Myofibril

Back

Thick and thin filaments that slide together during muscle contraction, causing shortening.

3.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

A Band

Back

Contains thick filaments.

4.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

I Band

Back

Area with just thin filaments with no overlap.

5.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

H Zone

Back

Area with just thick filaments with no overlap.

6.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Sarcomere

Back

One contractile unit from one Z disc to the next; responsible for striation.

7.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Thick filaments

Back

Myosin proteins with heads that can bend and bind to actin.

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