Animal Physiology

Front

What is the mechanism of respiratory-to-cardiac exchange in birds?

Back

Cross-current exchange is the mechanism by which birds efficiently transfer oxygen from the air to their blood, allowing for a higher oxygen uptake compared to other systems.

Front

Where is the diaphragm located in relation to the lungs?

Back

The diaphragm is located under the lungs and plays a crucial role in the process of breathing by contracting and relaxing to facilitate airflow.

Front

Which type of organism typically has a circulatory system similar to that of a lizard?

Back

Lizards, being reptiles, have a three-chambered heart and a circulatory system that is more efficient than that of fish but less efficient than that of mammals.

Front

What is the volume of air that remains in the lungs due to anatomical dead space?

Back

Residual volume is the amount of air that remains in the lungs after a forced exhalation, which cannot be expelled and is affected by anatomical dead space.

Front

What percentage of carbon dioxide (CO2) leaves the body as bicarbonate solution?

Back

Approximately 85% of CO2 is transported in the blood as bicarbonate solution, which is formed when CO2 reacts with water.

Front

Define anatomical dead space in the context of respiratory physiology.

Back

Anatomical dead space refers to the parts of the respiratory system where gas exchange does not occur, such as the trachea and bronchi.

Front

What is the primary function of the diaphragm during respiration?

Back

The diaphragm contracts to increase the volume of the thoracic cavity, allowing air to flow into the lungs during inhalation.

Front

Explain the concept of countercurrent exchange in respiratory systems.

Back

Countercurrent exchange is a mechanism where two fluids flow in opposite directions, maximizing the transfer of gases, commonly seen in fish gills.

Front

What is the role of bicarbonate in carbon dioxide transport in the blood?

Back

Bicarbonate acts as a buffer and helps transport CO2 from tissues to the lungs, where it can be exhaled.

Front

Describe the difference between tidal volume and residual volume.

Back

Tidal volume is the amount of air inhaled or exhaled during normal breathing, while residual volume is the air left in the lungs after exhalation.