cardiology

Front

What is the mechanism responsible for fixed splitting of the second heart sound (S2) in a child with increased right ventricular stroke volume?

Back

Delayed closure of the pulmonary valve due to increased right ventricular stroke volume.

Front

What is the role of the ductus venosus in fetal circulation?

Back

It allows oxygenated blood from the placenta to bypass the liver and enter the inferior vena cava.

Front

Why is blood shunted through the foramen ovale in the fetal heart?

Back

To ensure oxygenated blood bypasses the lungs and reaches the systemic circulation efficiently.

Front

What is the physiological consequence of a persistent patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) in a newborn?

Back

Left-to-right shunting of blood, leading to increased pulmonary blood flow and potential heart failure.

Front

What is the most critical initial management step for a neonate with severe cyanosis and parallel circulation?

Back

Giving prostaglandin E1 to keep the ductus arteriosus open.

Front

Define 'foramen ovale'.

Back

An opening in the septum between the right and left atria of the fetal heart that allows blood to bypass the lungs.

Front

What is the function of the ductus arteriosus in fetal circulation?

Back

It connects the pulmonary artery to the descending aorta, allowing blood to bypass the non-functioning fetal lungs.

Front

What is the significance of increased pulmonary blood flow in a newborn with a patent ductus arteriosus?

Back

It can lead to pulmonary overcirculation and heart failure due to volume overload.

Front

Explain the term 'cyanosis' in the context of congenital heart defects.

Back

Cyanosis refers to a bluish discoloration of the skin due to insufficient oxygen in the blood, often seen in congenital heart defects.

Front

What is the purpose of administering indomethacin in the context of a patent ductus arteriosus?

Back

Indomethacin is used to promote closure of the ductus arteriosus.