IB ESS Topic 2 Review

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Density-dependent factors

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Factors that affect population size in relation to the population density, such as disease and competition. They act as a negative feedback mechanism, helping to stabilize population size.

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Food webs

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Complex networks of feeding relationships among organisms in an ecosystem, where several species of primary consumers may feed on the same species of producer.

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Interspecific competition

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Competition between different species for the same resources, such as food, space, or mates.

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Mutualism

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A type of symbiosis where both species benefit from the relationship, such as pilot fish and sharks.

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Negative feedback mechanism

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A process that counteracts changes in a system, helping to maintain equilibrium, such as density-dependent factors in population dynamics.

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Primary consumers

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Organisms that eat producers (plants) in a food web, such as herbivores.

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Trophic levels

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The hierarchical levels in an ecosystem, comprising producers, primary consumers, secondary consumers, and so on.

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Detritivores

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Organisms that consume dead organic matter, playing a crucial role in nutrient cycling.

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Commensalism

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A type of symbiosis where one species benefits while the other is neither helped nor harmed.

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Parasitism

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A type of symbiosis where one organism benefits at the expense of another.