mammalian exam 3

Front

Georgia realized that the forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain and spinal cord had already first specialized into 3 brain regions by ____ weeks and that her baby would look like a baby at this point.

Back

4

Answer explanation

BOOK fig 9.2: (c) 4 weeks - A 4-week human embryo showing the anterior end of the neural tube which has specialized into three brain regions

Front

The blood brain barrier is?

Back

A highly selective structure formed by astrocyte foot processes that shelters the brain from toxins, fluctuations in hormones, ions and neuroactive substances in the blood.

Answer explanation

Ch 9 book:

The final layer of protection for the brain is a functional barrier between the interstitial fluid and the blood. This barrier is necessary to isolate the body’s main control center from potentially harmful substances in the blood and from blood-borne pathogens such as bacteria. To achieve this protection, most of the 400 miles of brain capillaries create a functional blood-brain barrier. Although not a literal barrier, the highly selective permeability of brain capillaries shelters the brain from toxins and from fluctuations in hormones, ions, and neuroactive substances such as neurotransmitters in the blood.

Front

Resting/digesting and fight/fright are products of your body's ...

Back

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic branches in the Autonomic Division of the Peripheral Nervous System

Answer explanation

Output from the hypothalamus also influences many functions of the autonomic division of the nervous system, as well as a variety of endocrine functions.

The autonomic division is subdivided into sympathetic and parasympathetic branches (often called the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems).

ppt notes:
–Sympathetic branch (“fight-or-flight”)

–Parasympathetic branch (“rest-and-digest”) -> slows you down

Front

All of the following senses are non-neuronal receptors except: Hair cells of the ear, Lens and cornea of the eye, Balance

Back

Balance

Front

It has been speculated by American neurologist that Van Gogh cut off his own ear and eventually killed himself due to ____ which is characterized by attacks of dizziness, nausea and overwhelming tinnitus.

Back

Meniere's disease

Answer explanation

Ch. 10 running problem : Ménière’s Disease

They concluded that the painter’s strange attacks of dizziness, nausea, and overwhelming tinnitus (ringing or other sounds in the ears), which he described in desperate letters to his relatives, are more consistent with Ménière’s disease, a condition that affects the inner ear.

Front

______ behaviors such as crying when we are sad or yelling loudly at the TV when the referee makes the wrong call during a football game are related to how we feel or our emotions.

Back

Affective

Answer explanation

Ch. 9: Neural networks create affective and cognitive behaviors.
•Affective behaviors are related to feeling and emotion

•Cognitive behaviors are related to thinking

Front

A key characteristic of cardiac muscle cells, that distinguishes it from skeletal muscle, is that although both tissues are striated, only cardiac muscle contains____

Back

Intercalated discs

Answer explanation

12.1 :
(a) Skeletal muscle fibers are large, multinucleate cells that appear striped or striated under the microscope.

(b) Cardiac muscle fibers are also striated but they are smaller, branched, and uninucleate. Cells are joined in series by junctions called intercalated disks.

Front

The region human brain which regulates emotions and is involved in memory and learning is called the ____ and consists of_____

Back

Limbic system ; amygdala, cingulate gyrus, and hippocampus

Answer explanation

Ch 9:
The third region of the cerebrum is the limbic system {limbus, a border}, which surrounds the brain stem (FIG. 9.11). The limbic system represents probably the most primitive region of the cerebrum. It acts as the link between higher cognitive functions, such as reasoning, and more primitive emotional responses, such as fear. The major areas of the limbic system are the amygdala and cingulate gyrus, which are linked to emotion and memory, and the hippocampus, which is associated with learning and memory. White m

Front

At the university of Texas at El Paso students in Dr. khans lab attempts to map trajectories that nerves follow in the body to control different behaviors. By some estimates ___ nerve cells link together to form the human central system

Back

Billions

Answer explanation

9.1 :
Neurons in the nervous system link together to form circuits that have specific functions. The most complex circuits are those of the brain, in which billions of neurons are linked into intricate networks that converge and diverge, creating an infinite number of possible pathways

Front

In the parasympathetic pathway, postganglionic nerves release which neurotransmitters onto which receptors to regulate muscle tone?

Back

Acetylcholine: muscarinic receptors (remember parasympathetic is involved in rest and relaxation)

Answer explanation

Ch 11;
1.Both sympathetic and parasympathetic preganglionic neurons release acetylcholine (ACh) onto nicotinic cholinergic receptors (nAChR) on the postganglionic cell

2.Most postganglionic sympathetic neurons secrete norepinephrine (NE) onto adrenergic receptors on the target cell

3.Most postganglionic parasympathetic neurons secrete ACh onto muscarinic cholinergic receptors (mAChR) on the target cell

(remember parasympathetic is involved in rest and relaxation)