Scientific Concepts and Theories

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Nicolaus Copernicus

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Proposed the heliocentric model, which stated the Sun is at the center of the solar system.

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Galileo Galilei

Back

Used telescopes to support the heliocentric model; discovered moons of Jupiter.

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Johannes Kepler

Back

Formulated the laws of planetary motion.

Front

Isaac Newton

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Developed the laws of gravity.

Front

Alfred Wegener

Back

Proposed the theory of continental drift.

Front

Edwin Hubble

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Discovered that the universe is expanding, leading to the Big Bang Theory.

Front

Geosphere

Back

The solid part of the Earth, including rocks, minerals, and landforms.

Front

Hydrosphere

Back

All of Earth’s water, including oceans, lakes, rivers, groundwater, and ice.

Front

Atmosphere

Back

The layer of gases surrounding Earth.

Front

Biosphere

Back

All life on Earth and the environments in which they live.