4801313

Front

Discretionary release shifts discretion from a judge to an administrative board.

Back

True

Answer explanation

Discretionary release transfers decision-making power to a parole board rather than a judge. This board determines parole eligibility based on behavior, rehabilitation, and other factors, which shifts responsibility for release from judicial to administrative control​

Front

The development of DNA technology has increased the number of people exonerated after being convicted. True or False?

Back

True

Answer explanation

DNA technology has led to over 700 exonerations by 2020, as it allows new testing of old evidence, often revealing wrongful convictions​

Front

The idea that children should be treated differently than adults originated in the common law and courts of England.

Back

True

Answer explanation

Under English common law and chancery courts, children under 7 were not criminally responsible, and parens patriae was used to justify state intervention—foundations for modern juvenile justice​

Front

The removal of American military forces in Iraq and Afghanistan has led to a surplus of military equipment ending up in the hands of local law enforcement.

Back

True

Answer explanation

The drawdown of U.S. forces overseas resulted in a large surplus of military gear, which has been transferred to domestic police agencies and raised concerns about police militarization​

Front

The Declaration of Principles concerning corrections addressed the issue of prisoners who are women.

Back

False

Answer explanation

The Cincinnati Declaration of Principles did not specifically address women's issues; it only supported the idea of separate prisons for women without tackling their unique problems​

Front

There has been a major increase in the number of Black Americans sentenced to prison in the past 30 years.

Back

True

Answer explanation

While not directly listed as a standalone fact, the textbook's discussion of facial recognition, racial disparities, and over-policing in minority communities implies a continued pattern of disproportionate incarceration rates for Black Americans​

Front

Offenders who were women were treated no differently than offenders who were men in Europe and North America at the beginning of the nineteenth century.

Back

True

Answer explanation

Until the early 19th century, women in prison were not separated from men and were treated similarly. Reforms later introduced separate facilities and care tailored to women​

Front

The term “Witherspoon excludable” refers to a prospective juror opposed to executing the mentally ill.

Back

False

Answer explanation

The term refers to jurors whose strong opposition to the death penalty would prevent them from fairly considering it, not specifically to opposition to executing the mentally ill​

Front

The U.S. Supreme Court has approved restrictions on access to written materials for prisoners, for example in Beard v. Banks in Pennsylvania.

Back

True

Answer explanation

In Beard v. Banks (2006), the Court upheld Pennsylvania’s denial of access to publications for prisoners in segregation, affirming that such restrictions can be constitutional under certain circumstances

Front

Preventive detention has been ruled constitutional because it is not designed to be punishment.

Back

True

Answer explanation

The Supreme Court upheld preventive detention in United States v. Salerno (1987), stating it was a legitimate use of government power for safety, not punishment​