Comparative politics

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Veto player

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An individual or collective actor whose agreement is necessary for a change in the political status quo.

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Institutional veto player

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Generated by a country’s constitution.

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Partisan veto player

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Generated by the way the political game is played.

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Federalism, bicameralism, and constitutionalism

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These can be conceptualized as different types of institutional veto players.

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Role of federalism, bicameralism, and constitutionalism

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They place hurdles on the ability of political actors to change the status quo.

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Veto player theory indicates that countries with many veto players will have:

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1. Greater policy stability 2. Smaller policy shifts 3. Less variation in the size of policy shifts 4. Weaker agenda-setting powers

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Types of electoral systems based on electoral formula

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1. Majoritarian 2. Proportional 3. Mixed

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Definition of electoral formula

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An electoral formula determines how votes are translated into seats.

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Diagram of Electoral System Families

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Electoral System Families include Majoritarian, Proportional, and Mixed systems, each with various subcategories.

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Majoritarian electoral system

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A system in which the candidates or parties that receive the most votes wins.