Industries and Isms in Europe

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Industrial Revolution

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of rapid industrial growth in Europe, late 18th–19th centuries

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Socialism

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system advocating collective or governmental ownership of production

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Liberalism vs. Conservatism

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favors reform and individual rights; conservatism supports tradition and stability

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Chartist Movement

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working-class movement for political reform, 1838–1857

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Urbanization during Industrialization

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of cities as people moved from rural to urban areas for factory work

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Karl Marx’s critique of capitalism

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capitalism exploits workers and leads to class struggle

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Nationalism

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emphasizing loyalty and devotion to a nation

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1848 Revolutions

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of political upheavals across Europe demanding liberal reforms

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Effects of Industrialization on labor

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from skilled artisan work to factory-based, repetitive labor

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Romanticism vs. Realism

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values emotion and nature; realism focuses on everyday life and accuracy