Statistics Concepts

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Data in statistics

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Collections of observations, such as measurements or survey responses.

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Discrete data

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Quantitative data where values are countable (e.g., number of coin tosses until heads).

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Continuous data

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Quantitative data with infinite, uncountable possible values (e.g., heights or temperatures).

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Nominal level data

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Data consisting of names or categories without order (e.g., colors, gender).

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Ordinal level data

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Data that can be ordered but differences between values are meaningless (e.g., class ranks).

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Interval level data

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Ordered data with meaningful differences, but no true zero (e.g., temperature in °F).

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Ratio level data

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Ordered data with meaningful differences and a true zero point (e.g., weight, height).

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Observational study

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A study that observes and measures but does not modify subjects.

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Experiment in statistics

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A study where a treatment is applied and the effects are observed.

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Placebo

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A harmless, inert treatment used to compare with the actual treatment.