Front

What is the first law of thermodynamics?

Back

The first law of thermodynamics states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed from one form to another. It is often expressed as ΔU = Q - W, where ΔU is the change in internal energy, Q is the heat added to the system, and W is the work done by the system.

Front

What is internal energy?

Back

Internal energy is the total energy contained within a system, including kinetic and potential energy at the molecular level.

Front

Define entropy in the context of thermodynamics.

Back

Entropy is a measure of the disorder or randomness in a system. It quantifies the amount of energy in a physical system that is not available to do work.

Front

What does the second law of thermodynamics state?

Back

The second law of thermodynamics states that the total entropy of an isolated system can never decrease over time, and is always increasing in natural processes.

Front

What is heat capacity?

Back

Heat capacity is the amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of a substance by one degree Celsius.

Front

What is the difference between heat of fusion and heat of vaporization?

Back

Heat of fusion is the energy required to change a substance from solid to liquid at its melting point, while heat of vaporization is the energy required to change a substance from liquid to gas at its boiling point.

Front

How do you calculate the work done by a system?

Back

Work done by a system can be calculated using the formula W = ΔU + Q, where ΔU is the change in internal energy and Q is the heat added to the system.

Front

What is a microstate in thermodynamics?

Back

A microstate is a specific detailed microscopic configuration of a system that corresponds to a particular macroscopic state.

Front

Explain the concept of bond energy.

Back

Bond energy is the amount of energy required to break one mole of a bond in a molecule, resulting in the separation of the atoms.

Front

What is the significance of a perfect crystal at absolute zero?

Back

A perfect crystal at absolute zero (0 K) has an entropy of zero, as there is only one microstate available (the perfectly ordered state).