Muslim Political thinker

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Al-Ghazali Biodata

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·Abu Hamid Muhammad ibn Muhammad al-Ghazālī

·born in 1058, died in 1111 CE in Tus, Khurasan (modern day Iran)

·a.k.a. Hujjatul Islam

·Persian-Muslim theologian, jurist, philosopher, and mystic

·invited by Saljuk vizier, Nizam al-Mulk al-Tusi to teach in Nizamiyyah College, Baghdad

abandoned his teaching profession and went into suluk (self- isolation for Ibadah and self-purification) – during this time, he wrote Ihya Ulumuddin.

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Al-Ghazali works

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·some of his works:

i- Ihya ulumuddin (Revival of Religious Sciences)

ii- Bidayatul hidayah (Beginning of Guidance)

iii- Kimiya al-sa’adah (The Alchemy of Happiness)

iv- Nasihat al-muluk (Counsel for Kings)

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Al-Ghazali political thoughts

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1. 1. the need for the imamah

2. 2. obedience to the imamah

3. 3. if we disobey the Imamah, there would be a bigger Fitnah in society such as disorder, chaos and destruction

4. 4. Requirement to become an Imamah

5. 5. Categories of Siyasah (politics) (FOUR):

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the need for the imamah

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-needed by reason (logic) and shari’ah

-shari’ah requires the ummah to have an Imamah to lead the ummah towards salvation in this world and the Hereafter

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Obedience to the imamah

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Wajib (compulsory) by shari’ah even if he is fasiq and zalim bc imamah is needed to establish order in this world

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Why is obedience needed?

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-  if we disobey the Imamah, there would be a bigger Fitnah in society such as disorder, chaos and destruction

- to avoid that, obedience is essential (wajib)

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Requirement to become an imamah

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i- ability to wage war (syaja’ah)

ii- competency

iii- knowledge (ilm)

iv-piety

v-  descendant of Quraysh (or dominant and respectable group in the community)

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Categories of the siyasah

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i-Siyasah al-anbiya’ (politics of the prophet)

ii-  Siyasah al-khulafa wal-muluk wal salatin (politics of the caliph, king and sultan)

iii- Siyasah ulama (politics of the scholar/intellectual)

iv-Siyasah al-wu’az (politics of the preacher/da’i) who reminded people on the hukum and advice to create awareness in religious and social matters

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Al-Mawardi Biodata

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· Abu al-Hasan Ali Ibn Muhammad Ibn Habib al-Mawardi

· Muslim jurist (fuqaha) of the Shafi'i school of thought

· served as a diplomat for the Abbasid caliphs al-Qa'im and al-Qadir in negotiations w/ the Buyid emirs

· appointed as chief judge in Khurasan and Baghdad

known for his works on religion, govt, the caliphate, and public and constitutional lawduring a time of political turmoil occurred during the Abbasid caliphate

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Al-Mawardi works

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i-Al-Ahkam al-Sultaniyyah wal-Wilayat al-Diniyyah (The Ordinances of Government)

ii- Qanun al-Wazarah (Laws regarding the Ministers)

iii- Kitab Nasihat al-Mulk (The Book of Sincere Advice to Rulers)

iv-Kitab Adab al-Dunya wal-Din (The Ethics of Religion and of this World)