Review for AP Biology Final 2025

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Genetic Drift

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A mechanism of evolution that refers to random changes in allele frequencies in a population, often having a more significant effect in small populations.

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Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium

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A principle stating that allele and genotype frequencies in a population will remain constant from generation to generation in the absence of evolutionary influences.

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Bottleneck Effect

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A sharp reduction in the size of a population due to environmental events, leading to a loss of genetic diversity.

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Analogous Structures

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Structures in different species that perform similar functions but have different evolutionary origins.

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Type II Survivorship

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A pattern of survivorship where individuals have a relatively constant decline in survivorship throughout most of their life span.

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Natural Selection

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The process by which organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring.

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Mutation

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A change in the DNA sequence of an organism's genome, which can lead to new traits.

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Non-random Mating

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A mating system in which individuals select partners based on specific traits, leading to changes in allele frequencies.

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Type I Survivorship

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A pattern of survivorship characterized by high survival rates during early and middle life, followed by a rapid decline in survivorship in later life.

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Type III Survivorship

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A pattern of survivorship where there is a high mortality rate for young individuals, with few surviving to adulthood.