FINAL REVIEW

Front

Arthritis

Back

inflammation of joints

Answer explanation

ANSWER: inflammation of joints

Ankylosing Spondylitis – Spine gets stiff over time. Rheumatoid Arthritis – Immune system attacks joints. Osteoarthritis – Cartilage wears out, bones rub and form spurs.

Front

What is Carpal tunnel syndrome?

Back

compression of median nerve as it passes between ligament and bones and tendons of the wrist

Answer explanation

• ANSWER: compression of median nerve as it passes between ligament and bones and tendons of the wrist 

• Rheumatoid Arthritis – Body attacks joints (not carpal tunnel).
  Gout – Too much uric acid → swollen big toe.
  Bunion – Bump on side of big toe joint (not wrist).

  Let me know if you want a mnemonic for these too!

Front

What type of fracture results in the bone being crushed into several pieces?

Back

Comminuted fracture

Answer explanation

ANSWER: comminuted fracture involves the bone breaking into multiple pieces.

Greenstick – bone bends and cracks (not all the way).

Colles – Wrist break near the end of the radius.
Simple – Clean break, no skin break.

Front

Which term refers to inflammation of the bone and bone marrow?

Back

Osteomyelitis

Answer explanation

ANSWER: D. Osteomyelitis

• Osteoporosis – Bones get weak and thin.

  • Osteitis – Bone gets inflamed (not the marrow).

  • Osteomalacia – Soft bones from lack of minerals.

Front

Which chamber of the heart receives oxygenated blood from the lungs?

Back

Left atrium

Answer explanation

ANSWER: Left atrium

Right atrium - Receives deoxygenated blood from the body via the superior and inferior vena cava.

Right ventricle - Pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs via the pulmonary artery.

Left ventricle - Pumps oxygenated blood to the body, but does not receive blood from the lungs.

Front

What occurs during systole?

Back

The ventricles contract and pump blood out of the heart

Answer explanation

• ANSWER: The ventricles contract and pump blood out of the heart

• The heart relaxes and fills with blood - This describes diastole, not systole.

• The atria contract and push blood into the ventricles - Happens before ventricular systole, part of late diastole.

• The mitral and tricuspid valves open - These valves are open during diastole, and closed during systole.

Front

Which heart valve prevents backflow of blood into the left atrium?

Options: Tricuspid valve , Aortic valve , Mitral (bicuspid) valve , Pulmonary valve

Back

Mitral (bicuspid) valve

Answer explanation

• ANSWER: Mitral (bicuspid) valve

• Tricuspid valve - Located between right atrium and right ventricle.

• Aortic valve - Prevents backflow from aorta to left ventricle, not atrium.

• Pulmonary valve - Prevents backflow into the right ventricle.

Front

What condition involves abnormal narrowing of a blood vessel?

Back

Arteriosclerosis

Answer explanation

ANSWER: Arteriosclerosis

Inflammation of the heart muscle - This is myocarditis.

• Abnormal heartbeat or rhythm - This is called an arrhythmia.

• Enlarged heart due to high blood pressure - This describes cardiomegaly or hypertensive heart disease.

Front

What is a myocardial infarction?

Back

heart attack

Answer explanation

• ANSWER: heart attack

• Inflammation of the heart muscle → This is myocarditis.

• Abnormal heartbeat or rhythm → This is called an arrhythmia.

• Enlarged heart due to high blood pressure → This describes cardiomegaly or hypertensive heart disease.

Front

Tympanoplasty is:

Back

Surgical repair of the eardrum

Answer explanation

ANSWER: Surgical repair of the eardrum

• Surgical removal of ear canal – Doesn’t normally happen; surgery usually repairs it.

• Tube in middle ear – Called myringotomy with tube insertion.

• Inflammation of eardrum – Called myringitis, not surgery.