Refers to environment and experience.

Includes growth in body, brain, and motor skills across the lifespan.

Cognitive Development

Involves changes in learning, memory, language, problem-solving.

Focuses on interactions and relationships with others over time.

Personality Development

About enduring traits that make each person unique and how they change.

Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Approach

Includes Microsystem, Mesosystem, Exosystem, Macrosystem, Chronosystem.

Every person has an equal chance of being selected.

Include experiments, surveys, case studies, naturalistic observation.

Combines cross-sectional and longitudinal methods.

Confirmation bias is the tendency to favor information that confirms existing beliefs.

Theoretical research and applied research

Theoretical research builds knowledge; Applied research solves real-world problems.

Classical conditioning and operant conditioning

Classical: learning through association (Pavlov); Operant: learning through consequences (Skinner).

Positive and negative reinforcement

Positive reinforcement adds something good; Negative reinforcement removes something bad to encourage behavior.

Monozygotic Twins and Dizygotic twins

Monozygotic twins come from one zygote (identical); Dizygotic from two (fraternal).

Genotypes and Phenotypes

Genotype is genetic makeup; Phenotype is physical expression of genes.

Attachment is a strong emotional bond between a child and caregiver, usually formed in infancy.

Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development

Erikson's psychosocial stages include: Trust vs Mistrust, Autonomy vs Shame, Initiative vs Guilt, etc.

Piaget’s Stages of Development

Piaget’s stages: Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Concrete Operational, Formal Operational.

Freud Psychosexual Stages of Development

Freud's stages: Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, Genital.

Stages of cognitive development

Piaget’s cognitive development stages; children move from basic reflexes to abstract thought.

Id: instinctual desires; Ego: rational part; Superego: moral conscience.

Critical period and sensitive period

Critical period: specific time when certain skills must develop; Sensitive period: best time, but not only time.

Preoperational thinking

Symbolic thinking and egocentrism

Logical thinking with concrete information

Group born around the same time

Differences due to historical experience

Major theoretical perspectives

Psychodynamic, Behavioral, Cognitive, Humanistic, Contextual, Evolutionary

Chromosomal abnormalities and genetic disorders

Include Down Syndrome, Fragile X, Sickle Cell, Tay Sachs, Klinefelter’s, Huntington’s

Cell duplication for growth and repair

Stages of prenatal development

Germinal (0–2 wks), Embryonic (3–8 wks), Fetal (9 wks–birth)

Sensorimotor development

Birth to 2 years, learning through actions

Grows from babbling to full sentences

Research and Development Concepts Flashcards

Student preview

76 questions

Show all answers

1.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Independent variable

Back

What the researcher changes in an experiment.

2.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Dependent variable

Back

What is measured in an experiment.

3.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Scientific method

Back

A structured process for investigation.

4.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Theories

Back

Frameworks for understanding.

5.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Hypotheses

Back

Testable predictions.

6.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Population

Back

The larger group being studied.

7.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Sample

Back

A subset used to represent the population.

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