3.1 BASIC CONCEPT OF STATISTICS

Front

The entire group you want to study or learn about. Example: All the students in your school.

Back

Population

Front

A smaller group taken from the population to represent the whole. Example: 100 students chosen from your school.

Back

Sample

Front

A characteristic or property that can take different values. Example: Height, age, gender, test scores.

Back

Variable

Front

Collected information or values for a variable. Example: 150 cm, 160 cm, 170 cm (heights of students).

Back

Data

Front

How often a particular value or group of values appears in the data. Example: If five students got 80 marks, the frequency of 80 is 5.

Back

Frequency

Front

Numerical data that can be measured or counted. Example: Number of books, height, weight.

Back

Quantitative Data

Front

Descriptive data that represents categories or qualities. Example: Hair color, gender, favorite subject.

Back

Qualitative Data (Categorical Data)

Front

Quantitative data that can only take certain values (usually whole numbers). Example: Number of students in a class (can’t be 20.5).

Back

Discrete Data

Front

Quantitative data that can take any value within a range. Example: Height, temperature, time (can be 170.5 cm, 36.6°C, etc.)

Back

Continuous Data

Front

Involves organizing, summarizing, and displaying data to describe its main features. Purpose: To give a clear picture of what the data shows without making predictions or conclusions beyond the data.

Back

Descriptive Data (Descriptive Statistics)