Question: What did Emile Durkheim's study on suicide illustrate about social facts?

Answer: Durkheim's study illustrated that suicide rates are influenced by social facts and social forces rather than just individual motivations.

Question: How do positivists analyze quantitative data?

Answer: Positivists analyze quantitative data by looking for patterns and trends.

Question: What is the primary focus of interpretivism in sociology?

Answer: Interpretivism focuses on the individual and small-scale interactions rather than society as a whole.

Question: How do interpretivists view the relationship between social reality and human actions?

Answer: Interpretivists argue that social reality is embedded in human actions and does not exist separately from them.

Question: What does the term 'verstehen' mean in the context of interpretivism?

Answer: 'Verstehen' means to see things from the point of view of others.

Question: What types of research methods do interpretivists prefer?

Answer: Interpretivists prefer qualitative methods such as unstructured interviews and participant observation.

Question: What is the significance of validity in interpretivist research?

Answer: Validity refers to the extent to which research findings accurately reflect reality and provide a true picture.

Question: How do interpretivists view objectivity in research?

Answer: Interpretivists are less concerned about objectivity and emphasize the importance of the researcher's subjectivity.

Question: What is a key difference between positivism and interpretivism regarding data?

Answer: Positivists prefer quantitative data, while interpretivists prioritize qualitative data.

Question: What is triangulation in research methods?

Answer: Triangulation is when a researcher uses a variety of research methods, typically including both qualitative and quantitative data.

Question: What is triangulation in research methods?

Answer: Triangulation is when a researcher uses a variety of research methods, typically including both qualitative and quantitative data.

Question: List three strengths of triangulation in research.

Answer: - Supports quantitative data with qualitative examples - Checks the validity of the research - Cross-references interpretations for accuracy

Question: How does triangulation enhance the reliability of research?

Answer: Triangulation enhances reliability by using different sources and methods to verify findings.

Question: What is one limitation of triangulation in research?

Answer: One limitation of triangulation is that it can be time-consuming and complex to implement.

Question: What are the main challenges of using multiple research methods?

Answer: Using several methods is time-consuming and expensive, and the researcher needs to be skilled in multiple research methods.

Question: What is a longitudinal study?

Answer: A longitudinal study is carried out at intervals over a period of time, rather than as a one-off piece of research.

Question: What is the significance of the panel sample in longitudinal studies?

Answer: The panel sample consists of the same group of people or households being studied over time, allowing for consistent data collection.

Question: What is one major disadvantage of longitudinal studies?

Answer: A major disadvantage is that respondents may drop out over time, affecting the representativeness of the sample.

Question: How do longitudinal studies differ from one-off interviews or questionnaires?

Answer: Longitudinal studies track changes over time, while one-off interviews provide a snapshot of opinions at a single point in time.

Question: What is the Up series and its significance in longitudinal research?

Answer: The Up series is a longitudinal television documentary that follows a group of individuals from childhood into adulthood, revisiting them every seven years.

Question: What impact might participation in a longitudinal study like the Up series have on individuals?

Answer: Participants may feel a sense of responsibility or pressure due to being revisited regularly, which could influence their behavior.

Question: What is a major strength of longitudinal research compared to other research methods?

Answer: Longitudinal research can show how people's lives change over time, allowing researchers to identify factors that may have caused these changes.

Question: Why is the commitment of respondents important in longitudinal research?

Answer: The commitment of respondents increases the likelihood that they will provide valid data throughout the study.

Question: What is a common criticism of many research methods that longitudinal research addresses?

Answer: Many research methods provide only a 'snapshot' view of society at one moment in time, while longitudinal research captures changes over time.

Question: What is sample attrition in sociological research?

Answer: Sample attrition refers to the loss of participants in a research study due to reasons such as death, moving away, or choosing not to participate anymore.

Question: What is the Hawthorne Effect in sociological research?

Answer: The Hawthorne Effect is when participants change their behavior because they are aware they are being observed or studied.

Question: How do positivists and interpretivists differ in their views on researcher bias?

Answer: Positivists argue for neutrality and objectivity in research, while interpretivists believe complete bias-free research is impossible due to the influence of the researcher's values.

Question: What is researcher imposition in sociological research?

Answer: Researcher imposition refers to the influence a researcher has on the findings due to their own values, characteristics, or the way they conduct the research.

Question: What is the interviewer effect?

Answer: The interviewer effect occurs when the characteristics of the interviewer, such as sex, age, or ethnicity, influence the responses of the interviewee.

Question: What is the significance of the Hawthorne studies in understanding the Hawthorne Effect?

Answer: The Hawthorne studies demonstrated that workers increased productivity not due to changes in working conditions, but because they were aware they were being observed.

Question: Why is it important for sociologists to be aware of bias when interpreting research findings?

Answer: Awareness of bias is crucial because it helps ensure the validity and reliability of research findings and allows readers to critically assess the results.

Question: What does validity refer to in research methods?

Answer: Validity refers to the extent to which research findings accurately reflect reality.

Question: Why are participant observation and unstructured interviews considered valid methods?

Answer: They provide detailed insights into how respondents feel and behave, rather than just what they say.

Question: What is the main drawback of participant observation and unstructured interviews in terms of reliability?

Answer: Their reliability is not as strong because they are difficult to replicate exactly.

Question: How does reliability differ from validity in research methods?

Answer: Reliability refers to the consistency of findings when a study is repeated, while validity refers to the accuracy of those findings in reflecting reality.

Question: Why are questionnaires and structured interviews considered more reliable than qualitative methods?

Answer: They use standardized questions that can be repeated with minimal variation.

What is a significant limitation of structured interviews and questionnaires in terms of validity?

Answer: They tend to be less valid because closed questions do not allow for detailed responses.

Question: What is the purpose of using a sample in research instead of the whole population?

Answer: The purpose of using a sample is to represent the target population, allowing researchers to make claims about the population based on the findings from the sample.

Question: What does it mean for a sample to be representative of the target population?

Answer: A representative sample reflects the same proportions of different characteristics (e.g., gender, age) as the target population.

Question: Define generalisability in the context of research findings.

Answer: Generalisability refers to the extent to which research findings can be applied to a larger group beyond the sample studied.

Question: What is sampling error, and how can it be reduced?

Answer: Sampling error is the difference between the results obtained from a sample and the actual results for the target population. It can be reduced by using a large random sample or a representative sampling method.

Question: What are the different types of sampling methods mentioned in the text?

Question: What are the two broad approaches sociologists use to study society?

Answer: The two broad approaches are the positivist approach and the interpretivist approach.

Question: What does the positivist approach in sociology emphasize?

Answer: The positivist approach emphasizes a scientific methodology, including taking a macro view, studying social facts, producing quantitative data, and looking for causation and correlation.

U1.1 Flashcards

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54 questions

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1.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Question: What are the two main approaches in sociology?

Back

Answer: The two main approaches in sociology are positivism and interpretivism.

2.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Question: What is the primary focus of positivist approaches in sociology?

Back

Answer: Positivist approaches focus on large-scale (macro) social structures and institutions.

3.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Question: What type of data do positivists primarily produce?

Back

Answer: Positivists primarily produce quantitative data, usually in the form of statistics.

4.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Question: Who were two early sociologists associated with positivism?

Back

Answer: Auguste Comte and Emile Durkheim.

5.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Question: What does reliability refer to in the context of positivist research?

Back

Answer: Reliability refers to the extent to which research findings can be confirmed if the study is repeated.

6.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Question: What methods do positivists prefer for conducting research?

Back

Answer: Positivists prefer experiments, official statistics, social surveys, and questionnaires.

7.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Question: What is the difference between correlation and causation in sociological research?

Back

Answer: Correlation is when two or more variables change at the same time, while causation is when one variable directly affects another.

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