Scientific concept

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Model

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A simplified representation of an object, system, or process that helps scientists understand and predict how something works.

• The Bohr model of the atom shows electrons orbiting the nucleus in energy levels.

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Theory

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A well-substantiated explanation of some aspect of the natural world that is based on a body of evidence and can be used to make predictions.

The Theory of Evolution explains how species change over time due to natural selection.

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Law

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A statement that describes a consistent natural phenomenon, often expressed mathematically, that always applies under the same conditions.

Newton’s First Law states that an object in motion stays in motion unless acted on by an external force.

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Law vs. Theory

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• A law tells you what happens (description).

• A theory tells you why it happens (explanation).

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Why Theories Change

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Theories can be modified or replaced if new evidence contradicts them. This is a strength of science—it adapts to new information.

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Can Laws Be Changed?

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Scientific laws don’t change if they continue to be supported by consistent, repeatable observations.

They may be refined or re-expressed, but they remain valid.