Bacteria and Archaea compare to eukaryotes in overall size as:

They are generally smaller than eukaryotes.

Peptidoglycan: Describe its location and function.

Peptidoglycan is a structural molecule found in bacterial cell walls that provides rigidity and protection.

Why was Leeuwenhoek unable to identify a certain class of microbes during his lifetime?

The microscopes available to him were not powerful enough.

Microscopic infectious agents that can only reproduce inside living cells.

The overall structural composition of a virus consists of:

A core of genetic material (DNA or RNA) surrounded by a protein coat (capsid), sometimes with a lipid envelope.

The theory of spontaneous generation states that:

living organisms can arise from non-living matter.

Francesco Redi's experiment with meat in jars: What were his results and what did most scientists conclude?

Maggots only appeared in meat when flies could lay eggs on it, leading most scientists to doubt spontaneous generation.

John Needham and Lazzaro Spallanzani conducted experiments on the theory of spontaneous generation. Briefly describe their experiments, results, and conclusions.

Needham's experiments supported spontaneous generation, while Spallanzani's experiments refuted it by showing that boiling broth prevented microbial growth.

What was a major criticism of Spallanzani’s work?

He excluded air from his flasks, which critics argued was necessary for spontaneous generation.

Louis Pasteur’s experiments with his ‘swan-necked flasks’ demonstrated that microorganisms do not arise spontaneously, refuting the theory of spontaneous generation. Which of the following best describes his experiment and its outcome?

He showed that sterilized broth in swan-necked flasks remained free of microorganisms unless exposed to air, disproving spontaneous generation.

What question did vintners initially ask regarding fermentation?

They asked what caused fermentation to occur.

What was the fundamental question the vintners were facing?

What was causing the wine to spoil?

Four of the most-favored hypotheses of the time with regard to fermentation are:

Vitalist, Chemical, Spontaneous Generation, and Microbial hypotheses.

Louis Pasteur’s initial observation of fermenting grape juice was:

the presence of yeast cells in the juice

Pasteur's experiments showed which of the following about fermentation and grape juice?

Yeasts ferment grape juice into alcohol, not bacteria or air.

How is pasteurization different from sterilization?

Pasteurization reduces the number of microorganisms, while sterilization kills all microorganisms.

How did Eduard Buchner show that fermentation is due to microbial enzymes?

By demonstrating that cell-free extracts of yeast could ferment sugar.

proteins that speed up chemical reactions

Pasteur’s germ theory of disease and how his previous experiments on spontaneous generation and fermentation led him to his theory can be described as:

The idea that microorganisms cause disease, supported by his experiments disproving spontaneous generation and showing microbes cause fermentation.

The study of the cause of diseases

Robert Koch’s major contribution to the field of microbiology was linking a specific bacterium to a specific disease.

Identifying Bacillus anthracis as the cause of anthrax

a dormant, tough, and non-reproductive structure produced by certain bacteria

Robert Koch’s major contribution regarding culturing microorganisms in the lab was:

Developing methods to grow pure cultures of bacteria on solid media

Bacterial “colonies” are formed when:

a single bacterium multiplies to form a visible cluster

Koch’s four postulates

A set of criteria to establish a causative relationship between a microbe and a disease.

Koch’s postulates: Can they always be met for identifying the causative agent of a disease?

No, they cannot always be met due to exceptions such as viruses and asymptomatic carriers.

Ignaz Semmelweis is known for his work in the prevention of infection and disease by which method?

Promoting handwashing among doctors

Puerperal or childbed fever is:

an infection of the female reproductive tract following childbirth

Semmelweis’ cadaver particles referred to:

Infectious material from dead bodies

Who was Joseph Lister and what role did he play in promoting antisepsis and disinfection?

He was a surgeon who introduced antiseptic techniques to reduce infections during surgery.

How did Florence Nightingale prevent disease transmission?

Improving hygiene and sanitation in hospitals

John Snow was a historical figure who played a significant role in preventing disease transmission by:

Identifying the source of a cholera outbreak and promoting public health measures

The significance of the Broad Street pump is:

It was identified as the source of a cholera outbreak.

John Snow’s solution to the cholera epidemic in London of 1854 was:

removing the handle from the Broad Street water pump

Two important tenets of public health that John Snow’s work highlighted at the time are:

The importance of data collection and the role of environmental factors in disease spread

Foundations of Microbiology and Disease Flashcards

Student preview

50 questions

Show all answers

1.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Who was Antoni van Leeuwenhoek?

Back

a Dutch scientist known as the father of microbiology

2.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Antoni van Leeuwenhoek’s relevant trade in discovering microorganisms was:

Back

lens making and microscopy

3.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Antoni van Leeuwenhoek’s two major contributions to the field of microbiology were:

Back

discovering microorganisms and improving the microscope

4.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Leeuwenhoek used which terms for what we now call microorganisms?

Back

Animalcules

5.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

The six basic categories of microorganisms most likely observed by Leeuwenhoek are:

Back

Bacteria, Archaea, Fungi, Protozoa, Algae, Small animals

6.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Differentiate prokaryotes and eukaryotes based on the presence of a nucleus.

Back

Prokaryotes lack a nucleus, while eukaryotes have a nucleus.

7.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Bacteria and archaea are classified as which of the following? Prokaryotes, Eukaryotes, Viruses, Fungi

Back

Prokaryotes

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