a sentence that makes a statement. ex. Several students were studying for a test.

a sentence that asks a question. ex. Why are they studying for a test?

a sentence that gives a command. Has an understood you (You) for the subject. ex. Study for your test!

a sentence that conveys strong emotion. Can end with either a period or an exclamation mark. ex. You got 95% on your test! You got 59% on your test.

CAPITALIZE PROPER ADJECTIVES

When a Proper Noun is used to describe another noun, it becomes a Proper Adjective and must be capitalized. ex. Hawaii Hawaiian Sweet Rolls Capitalize brand names used as adj. ex. Nike sneakers; Hostess cupcakes; Apple computer

The end mark most often used is the period. It’s used at the end of a declarative or an imperative sentence. It’s used after initials and abbreviations. The question mark ends a direct question or interrogative. It also ends an incomplete question in which the rest of the question is understood. ex. You said that you hurt your ankle. How? The exclamation mark ends an exclamatory sentence showing strong feeling. ex. You scared me! It’s used after an imperative sentence if the command is urgent. ex. Your sandwich is on fire! Put it out! It’s used after an interjection showing strong emotion. Ex. Rats! I forgot my homework.

A comma signals a brief pause in your sentence to separate ideas or set off elements. COMMAS WITH COMPOUND SENTENCES: A compound sentence consists of two or more independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction (for, and nor, but, or, yet, so=FANBOYS) ex. Lilli loved to read about architecture, so she wrote a paper about the Eiffel Tower. Alice told me about her amazing trip to the Olympics, but I didn’t believe it. ONLY PUT A COMMA WITH A CONJUNCTION IF THERE ARE COMPLETE THOUGHTS ON BOTH SIDES! ex. Lukas likes to fish grouper and red snapper. Zane studied for his vocab quiz and for his science quiz last night. Siler is a boy who likes to play soccer but who also likes to read.

COMMAS BETWEEN ITEMS IN A SERIES Use commas to separate three or more words, phrases, or clause in a series. ex. I ate toast, jam, and fruit for breakfast. The flowers were placed on the table, on the counter, and on the mantel. I like to have a credit card when I’m shopping for shoes, when I’m buying groceries, and when I’m traveling to visit family in Tampa.

COMMAS BETWEEN ADJECTIVES Use commas to separate adjectives of equal rank. Two methods: if “and” can be placed between the adj without changing the meaning, the adj are equal. if the order of the adj can be changed without changing the meaning, the adj are equal. ex. You have made a healthy, delicious salad. Do not use commas to separate adjectives of unequal rank. ex. Few athletic students signed up for basket weaving. **Never put a comma between an adjective and the word it is describing.

COMMAS AFTER INTRODUCTORY MATERIAL Use a comma after an introductory word, phrase, or clause. ex. Well, I think you’re right. To visit Japan, you need a passport. If you study hard, you will pass your test.

Commas with Parenthetical Expressions: a parenthetical expression is a word or phrase not essential to the rest of the sentence but adds extra info to the sentence. USE COMMAS TO SET OFF PARENTHETICAL EXPRESSIONS ex. Direct Address Watch, Evan, while I solve this math problem. Certain Adverbs My answer is correct, however. Common Expressions Your answer is wrong, I believe.

Nonessential means not necessary. It can be taken out without changing the meaning of the sentence. COMMAS TO SET OFF NONESSENTIAL EXPRESSIONS Appositives Mrs. Fear, our head of school, is a wonderful lady. Participial Phrases Coach Chelsea, leading her team to victory, won the award for best coach. Adjective Clauses The teacher, who is from Canada, is Mrs. McGuire.

COMMAS AND SPECIAL SITUATIONS Use commas with dates and geographical names Dates with two or more parts are separated by commas. ex. On Aug 14, 1996, I moved to Florida. You will graduate from middle school May 2027. Use commas i addresses, letters, numbers, and quotations. ex. Amana wrote to Raelyn Bourne, 32 Olympic Way, Punta Gorda, FL 33952. Raelyn Bourne 32 Olympic Way Punta Gorda, FL 33952

Place a comma after a salutation and a closing in a personal letter. ex. Dear Jane, Sincerely, Liam Use a comma with numbers more than three digits ex. 1,656,221 EXCEPT with zip codes, telephone numbers, page numbers or serial numbers Use commas to show where a direct quotation begins and ends. ex. Avery mumbled, “I’m so tired.” “Why don’t you,” said her mum, “go to bed?” When a title follows a name, use a comma after the name and after each title. ex. John Armstrong, Jr., is my friend. Thurston Howell, III, was my favourite character on Gilligan’s Island.

USE A SEMICOLON TO JOIN INDEPENDENT CLAUSES THAT ARE NOT JOINED BY A COMMA AND A COORDINATING CONJUNCTION (FANBOYS). ex. Ethan wanted to play tennis, but Annie wanted to play volleyball. Ethan wanted to play tennis; Annie wanted to play volleyball. * A semicolon should be used only when there is a close relationship between the two sentences. ex. The Wright brothers’ first flight lasted just 12 seconds. The plane had a 40-foot wingspan. USE SEMICOLONS TO AVOID CONFUSION WHEN ITEMS IN A SERIES ALREADY CONTAIN COMMAS. ex. The fans, cheering loudly; the band, playing a march; and the cheerleaders, turning cartwheels inspired the team to play their best. Last summer I traveled to Atlanta, Georgia; Nashville, Tennessee; and Chicago, Illinois.

USE A COLON BEFORE A LIST FOLLOWING AN INDEPENDENT CLAUSE. ex. Dominick’s hot-air balloon is used for many things: racing, exploration, and recreation. Never put a colon directly after a verb or a preposition. USE COLONS IN SPECIAL SITUATIONS Time ex. 5:45 Salutations in a Business Letter ex. Gentlemen: Labels to signal important ideas ex. Caution: High Voltage

DIRECT VS. INDIRECT QUOTES Direct Quotes represents a person’s exact speech or thoughts and is surrounded by quotation marks. Ex. Alessandro said, “I’m going hiking with my dad this weekend.” Indirect Quotes reports only the general meaning of what a person said or thought and does not need quotation marks. Ex. Alessandro said that he was going hiking with his dad this weekend. Tallan said, “My family and I went on trips to the zoo and to a wildlife park.” “My family and I went on trips to the zoo and to a wildlife park,” said Tallan. “My family and I went on trips to the zoo,” said Tallan, “and to a wildlife park.”

When direct quotes are separated by interrupting expressions, watch the various end marks. Periods and commas always go inside closing quotes. Colons and semicolons always go outside closing quotes. Question marks and exclamation marks go inside or outside closing quotes. Ex. “We came face to face with a bear on our hike,” said Hadley. “It was exciting and scary at the same time.” “That’s amazing!” exclaimed Allison. “How close did you get?” “I’d say we were about fifty feet away,” said Allison. “We could see its teeth!”

More examples of punctuation inside and outside closing quotes. ex. Why did you say, “I prefer cats to dogs”? Don’t ever say, “I can’t”! QUOTATION MARKS for DIALOGUE When writing dialogue, begin a new paragraph with each change of speaker. ex. “Why don’t we go to San Diego for a vacation?” Grandpa asked. Surprised, Julianna replied, “Why do you want to go to San Diego? Let’s go somewhere else!” “You can’t be serious!” exclaimed Grandpa.

QUOTES LONGER THAN A PARAGRAPH If a quote is longer than a paragraph, only put quotes at the beginning of each paragraph and at the end of the final paragraph. USE SINGLE QUOTATION MARKS FOR A QUOTE WITHIN A QUOTE ex. The fund raiser concluded, saying, “ As we try to raise money for this worthy cause, let us not forget that old English saying, ‘Where there’s a will there’s a way.’”

QUOTATION MARKS AND TITLES Titles of works that are short or part of something bigger are enclosed with quotes. ex. Titles of short stories Chapter Titles in a book Titles of a short poem Titles of an article Titles of a TV episode Titles of a song UNDERLINE OR ITALICIZE TITLES Titles of works that are long or published as a single work are italicized. ex. Title of a book Title of a play Title of a long poem Title of a movie Title of a magazine Title of a newspaper Title of a TV show painting/sculpture Title of an air/sea/space/land craft Title of an album Title of a series **If the unit is big, self-contained, italicize it; if it’s small or part of something bigger, quote it. ITALICIZE WORDS, LETTERS, OR NUMBERS REFERRED TO AS SUCH. ex. I mix up affect and effect. Your 3s look like 8s.

HYPHENS & APOSTROPHES

USE A HYPHEN TO WRITE OUT COMPOUND NUMBERS FROM TWENTY-ONE TO NINETY-NINE. ex. We bought twenty-four apples. USE A HYPHEN WHEN WRITING FRACTIONS USED AS AN ADJECTIVE. ex. Carter won the election by a two-thirds majority. The CP flag football team is made up of one-half 8th Grade boys. WHEN A FRACTION IS USED AS A NOUN, DO NOT USE A HYPHEN. ex. Two thirds of the students voted for Carter. Over one half of the 8th Grade boys are on the CP flag football team.

HYPHENS & APOSTROPHES

USE A HYPHEN AFTER A PREFIX FOLLOWED BY A PROPER NOUN OR ADJ. ex. Midterms take place in mid-December. USE A HYPHEN WITH PREFIXES all-, ex-, self-, and the suffix –elect. ex. all-powerful self-employed ex-football player president-elect USE HYPHENS TO CONNECT TWO OR MORE NOUNS USED AS A COMPOUND WORD. Compounds can be written as one word, separate words, or with hyphens. ex. ballplayer seat belt son-in-law USE A HYPHEN TO CONNECT A COMPOUND ADJ THAT COMES BEFORE A NOUN ex. The never-ending sound of cheering thrilled the players. **If the compound adj comes AFTER the noun, no hyphen is needed. ex. The sound of cheering was never ending.

HYPHENS & APOSTROPHES

DO NOT USE A HYPHEN WITH A COMPOUND ADJ ENDING IN –ly or a COMPOUND PROPER ADJ OR NOUN ACTING AS AN ADJ. ex. poorly written essay South American tourist RULES FOR DIVIDING WORDS AT THE END OF A LINE If a word must be divided, divide it between syllables One-syllable words should never be divided Avoid dividing a word where a single letter stands alone Avoid dividing proper nouns or adj Divide a hyphenated word at the hyphen

HYPHENS & APOSTROPHES

USE APOSTROPHES WITH NOUNS TO SHOW OWNERSHIP. Add an apostrophe and s to most singular nouns. Ex. player’s bat, Faith’s water *Even when a singular noun ends in s, add ‘s. Ex. Trinity’s glove, lens’s shape **Exception: ancient names, the name Jesus’ Ex. Hercules’ strength, Moses’ scrolls Add an apostrophe and s to a plural noun NOT ENDING IN s ex. children’s toys Add ONLY an apostrophe to a plural noun ending in s or es. ex. bees’ buzzing raspberries’ flavor

HYPHENS & APOSTROPHES

USE AN APOSTROPHE AND S WITH PRONOUNS Use an apostrophe and s with indefinite pronouns to show possession. ex. everyone’s favourite someone’s book each one’s decision no one’s socks Do NOT use an apostrophe with possessive personal pronouns. ex. my, your, his, her, our, their; my book, their costumes his shoes USE APOSTROPHES WITH CONTRACTIONS ex. I’ll didn’t they’d what’s aren’t wasn’t USE AN APOSTROPHE AND –S TO WRITE THE PLURALS OF NUMBERS, SYMBOLS, LETTERS, AND WORDS USED TO NAME THEMSELVES. ex. Your 3’s look like 8’s. You got A’s and B’s on your report card! CP was started in the 1980’s.

A DASH INDICATES AN ABRUPT CHANGE OF THOUGHT, A DRAMATIC INTERRUPTING IDEA, OR A SUMMARY. ex. I can’t find --- oh! There’s my book! The bird --- which was in the bird bath --- has come back again. To eat twice its body weight in a day --- this is the feeding goal of the hummingbird. USE DASHES TO SET OFF A NONESSENTIAL APPOSITIVE WHEN IT’S LONG, ALREADY PUNCTUATED, OR WHEN YOU WANT TO BE DRAMATIC. ex. The movies --- three box-office blockbusters --- are none of my favourites.

PARENTHESES SET OFF SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL NOT ESSENTIAL TO THE UNDERSTANDING OF THE SENTENCE. **Not as dramatic as dashes but are the strongest separator. USE PARENTHESES WHEN MATERIAL IS NOT ESSENTIAL OR WHEN CONSISTS OF ONE OR MORE SENTENCES. NOTE: Taken out doesn’t alter the meaning. ex. The cockatoo’s shrill voice (heard mostly early in the morning or when it becomes alarmed) can be trained to mimic the human voice. USE PARENTHESES TO SET OFF NUMERICAL EXPLANATIONS--- DATES AND NUMBERS AND LETTERS MARKING A SERIES. ex. After the pandemic (2020-2021), we established a scholarship fund for financially challenged school families.

CAPITALIZING AND PUNCTUATING WITH PARENTHESES When a phrase or declarative sentence interrupts another one, do not capitalize the first word in the parentheses. ex. Cockatoos (my sister just bought me one) look like parrots. When a ? or ! Interrupt a sentence, use both an initial capital and an end mark inside the parentheses. ex. Cocky (That bird lived 82 years!) lived in the London Zoo. In a sentence that includes parentheses, place any punctuation belonging to the main sentence after the parentheses. ex. The ocean water felt icy cold (about 45 degrees)!

Capitalization/Punctuation

Flashcard

•

English

•

8th Grade

•

Practice Problem

•

Hard

Gabriella J

FREE Resource

Student preview

39 questions

Show all answers

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Declarative

Back

a sentence that makes a statement.
ex. Several students were studying for a test.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Interrogative

Back

a sentence that asks a question.

ex. Why are they studying for a test?

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Imperative

Back

a sentence that gives a command.
Has an understood you (You) for the subject.
ex. Study for your test!

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Exclamatory

Back

a sentence that conveys strong emotion.
Can end with either a period or an exclamation mark.
ex. You got 95% on your test! You got 59% on your test.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

ALWAYS CAPITALIZE THE WORD “I.”

Back

ex. I read a book while I waited for you.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

CAPITALIZE PROPER NOUNS

Back

- Proper Nouns identify specific people, places, and things. People: Capitalize each part of a person’s full name, including initials.
ex. Wilson Rawls
ex. F. Scott Fitzgerald

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

CAPITALIZE PROPER NOUNS

Back

Places: Capitalize Geographical Names.
ex. streets, towns & cities, counties

states & provinces, nations, continents

valleys & deserts, mountains, islands, scenic spots

rivers & falls, lakes & bays, seas & oceans

sections of a country are only capitalized when it refers to a

geographical location. It’s not capitalized when it refers to a

direction.

ex. A tropical storm recently passed by Southwest Florida.

ex. Turn left and head south for three miles.

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