Designing Portable Baby Incubators

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Temperature Noun

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[tem-per-uh-cher]

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Temperature

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A measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in a substance, indicating its degree of hotness or coldness.

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Example: This thermometer is a tool used to measure temperature, which is the scientific measure of how hot or cold an object is.

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Thermal Energy Noun

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[thur-muhl en-er-jee]

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Thermal Energy

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The total kinetic and potential energy of all the particles that make up a substance or object.

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Example: This image shows that thermal energy is the motion of particles. The particles in the hot (red) area move faster and have more thermal energy.

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Phase Change Noun

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[feyz cheynj]

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Phase Change

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A transition of a substance between states of matter, such as from a solid to a liquid or vice versa.

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Example: This diagram shows how matter changes between solid, liquid, and gas states, illustrating processes like melting, freezing, vaporization, condensation, sublimation, and deposition.

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Temperature Plateau Noun

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[tem-per-uh-cher pla-toh]

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Temperature Plateau

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A period of constant temperature on a heating or cooling curve that occurs during a substance's phase change.

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Example: This graph shows that when a substance changes state (melts or boils), its temperature stays constant, creating a flat line called a temperature plateau.

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Latent Heat Noun

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[ley-tnt heet]

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Latent Heat

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The energy absorbed or released by a substance during a phase change that occurs without changing its temperature.

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Example: This graph shows that when ice melts or water boils, heat is added but the temperature stays constant. This 'hidden' energy is latent heat.

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Conduction Noun

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[kuhn-duhk-shuhn]

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Conduction

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The transfer of thermal energy through a substance by direct contact between adjacent particles, primarily occurring in solids.

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Example: Heat energy flows from the hot block to the cold block through the connecting material, demonstrating heat transfer by conduction.

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Convection Noun

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[kuhn-vek-shuhn]

Back

Convection

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The transfer of thermal energy through the movement of fluids, such as liquids or gases, in currents.

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Example: This image shows a sea breeze, a type of convection where warm air over the land rises and cool air from the sea moves in.

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Radiation Noun

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[rey-dee-ey-shuhn]

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Radiation

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The transfer of energy through space by electromagnetic waves, such as infrared waves, without requiring a medium.

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Example: The Sun transfers heat energy to the Earth through space via waves, which is an example of radiation.

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Insulation Noun

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[in-suh-ley-shuhn]

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Insulation

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A material that reduces the rate of thermal energy transfer by conduction, convection, or radiation.

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Example: This diagram shows a vacuum flask's parts, like the vacuum and silver wall, which act as insulators to stop heat transfer and keep liquids hot or cold.

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Phase-Change Material (PCM) Noun

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[feyz cheynj muh-teer-ee-uhl]

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Phase-Change Material (PCM)

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A substance that absorbs or releases large amounts of thermal energy at a nearly constant temperature during its phase change.

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Example: This diagram shows how a Phase-Change Material (PCM) in a wall absorbs heat from the sun during the day and releases it at night.