List the EM spectrum from longest to shortest and what they are used for

Radio waves - longest wavelength, lowest frequency, and lowest energy Used in communication systems like radios, tvs, and mobile phones Microwaves - shorter wavelength than radio waves but still relatively low energy Used for cooking (microwaves ovens) and in radar/satellite communications Infrared waves - longer wavelength than visible light Used in remote controls, thermal imaging and heating Visible light - the part of the spectrum detectable by the human eye Enables vision - used for photography, lighting, and optical technologies e.g microscopes Ultraviolet (UV) waves - shorter wavelength than visible light, higher energy Used for sanitation - killing bacteria and viruses, tanning and detecting counterfeit notes X-rays - short wavelength, high frequency, and high energy Used for medicine - to view internal structures such as bones and teeth Gamma rays - shortest wavelength, highest frequency, and highest energy Used for medicine - cancer treatment, sterilisation of medical equipment, and detecting radioactive materials

Describe each of the 5 main parts of the eye

Cornea: the clear, curved front surface of the eye - its job is to bend/refract incoming light and help focus it into the eye Pupil: the black circle in the middle of the iris - it acts like a window controlling how much light enters the eye. The pupil gets bigger in dim light to let more light in and smaller in bright light to protect the eye from too much light. Iris: the coloured part of the eye surrounding the pupil. It controls the size of the pupil by relaxing and tightening its muscles. This adjustment happens automatically. Lens: behind the pupil is the lens. The lens is flexible and can change shape to focus light on the back of the eye, depending on whether the object you're looking at is near or far. Retina: a thin layer of tissue at the back of the eye containing special cells called photoreceptors that detect light and colour. The two main photoreceptors are: Rods: detect dim light and help us see in the dark, but they cannot detect colour Cones: work in bright light and allow us to see colours. There are 3 types of cones each sensitive to red, green or blue light. Optic Nerve: carries signals from the retina to the brain, where the brain interprets these signals and creates the images we see

Describe how the eye responds to light

Light enters through the cornea and pupil - light is bent by the cornea and passes through the pupil, the iris adjusts the pupil size based on the brightness of light Light is focused by the lens - the lens focuses the light onto the retina. If the object is far the lens becomes thinner, and if close it becomes thicker to focus properly - this is called accommodation Light hits the retina - when light reaches the retina, photoreceptors (rods and cones) absorb it detecting black, white and grey by the rods, and colours by the cones Electrical signals are sent to the brain - the photoreceptors turn the light into electric signals which travel along the optic nerve to the brain, where the brain processes these signals and turns them into an image

Waves, sound, EM, eye Flashcards

1.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Transverse waves

How is energy transferred?

Example?

Back

waves where the particles move up and down, perpendicular to the direction the wave travels

Energy is transferred through oscillations

Water and EM waves

2.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Longitudinal waves

How is energy transferred?

Example?

Back

waves where the particles move back and forth, parallel to the direction the wave travels

Energy is transferred through vibrations

Sound waves

3.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Wavelength. Measured in?

Amplitude. Measured in?

Frequency. Measured in?

Crest

Trough

Back

Wavelength (λ): the distance between two consecutive crests or two consecutive troughs

It represents one complete cycle of the wave
Measured in metres (m)

Amplitude (A) : the height of the wave from its resting position to the crest or trough

A larger amplitude carries more energy
Measured in metres (m)

Frequency (f): the number of complete waves passing a fixed point each second

Measured in Hertz (Hz) where 1Hz = 1 wave per second
Higher frequencies correspond to shorter wavelengths, as more waves fit into a given time period

Crest: highest point of a wave

Trough: lowest point of a wave

4.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Back

5.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Formula for wave frequency, speed and wavelength

Back

v = f x λ

6.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Sound

What do the vibrations create?

Back

a type of longitudinal wave, requiring a medium to travel through as it is created by vibrations

These vibrations cause particles to move back and forth, creating regions of compression (where particles are pushed close together) and rarefaction (where particles are spread further apart)

7.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

How does amplitude and frequency affect sound?

How does sound travel in different mediums?

Back

Bigger amplitudes create louder sounds, while smaller amplitudes make quieter sounds.

Higher frequencies result in higher-pitched sounds, while lower frequences produce deeper sounds.

Sound travels slowest in gases, faster in liquids, and fastest in solids - because particles are closer together making it easier to transfer vibrations

8.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Doppler Effect

Sound?

Light?

Back

explains how waves change when the source of the waves is moving

Sound - when an object making sound moves towards you, the sound waves get squished together, making the wavelengths shorter = higher frequency = higher pitch. If the source is moving away the waves stretch = lower frequency = lower pitch.

Light - if a light source moves towards you, its light waves compress and their wavelengths get shorter, making the light shift to the blue end of the spectrum (blueshift). If the source moves away the waves stretch and light shifts towards the red end of the spectrum (redshift).

9.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Explain how the ear responds to sound waves

Back

Pinna: the outer part of the ear - it collects sound waves and funnels them into the ear canal
Ear Canal: directs the sound waves towards the tympanic membrane (eardrum)
Tympanic Membrane (Eardrum): vibrates at the same frequency as the incoming sound waves converting sound energy into kinetic energy
Ossicles: three small bones in the middle of the ear (malleus, incus, and stapes) - amplify the vibrations from the eardrum and pass them to the oval window
Oval window: a membrane at the entrance to the inner ear - it transfers the vibrations into the fluid-filled cochlea
Cochlea: a spiral-shaped structure in the inner ear filled with fluid. Inside, the Organ of Corti contains sensory receptors called hair cells - when vibrations enter the cochlea, the fluid inside the cochlea is set into motion creating waves, which push against the basilar membrane causing it to move and bend the hair cells against the tectorial membrane. The bending of the hair cells generates electrical signals which are transmitted via the auditory nerve to the brain

Different hair cells in the cochlea are tuned to detect sounds of varying pitches.

High pitched sounds (short wavelengths) stimulate hair cells near the oval window
Low pitched sounds (long wavelengths) stimulate hair cells near the apex of the cochlea

10.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Electromagnetic spectrum

Back

the full range of electromagnetic waves, from radio waves with the longest wavelengths to gamma rays with the shortest. Each different type of wave differs in wavelength, frequency and energy.

Waves, sound, EM, eye

13 questions

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