Claim, Evidence, Reasoning

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Argument Noun

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[ar-gyuh-muhnt]

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Argument

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A reason or set of reasons given to persuade others that an action or idea is right or wrong.

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Example: A debate shows people making arguments, but a scientific argument specifically requires a claim supported by evidence and explained with reasoning.

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Claim Noun

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[klaym]

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Claim

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A debatable statement that asserts a writer's viewpoint or position and can be supported with evidence.

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Example: This image shows that a 'claim' is a statement of opinion or position on an issue, represented by a speech bubble icon.

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Evidence Noun

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[ev-i-duhns]

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Evidence

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Material presented to support or counter a claim, such as facts, data, or quotes from credible sources.

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Example: The observation that a pumice stone floats while an obsidian stone sinks provides evidence to support a claim about their different densities.

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Reasoning Noun

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[ree-zuh-ning]

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Reasoning

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The justification that connects the evidence to the claim, explaining how and why the evidence proves the claim.

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Example: The brain processes evidence from the senses, like seeing a flower, to form a logical explanation or conclusion.

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Rebuttal Noun

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[ri-buht-l]

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Rebuttal

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The part of an argument that outlines and counters an opposing point of view to strengthen one's own position.

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Example: This image is a title card that lists the terms Claim, Counterclaim, and Rebuttal. It does not visually explain what a rebuttal is.

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Fact Noun

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[fakt]

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Fact

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A type of evidence that can be objectively proven to be true or to have actually happened.

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Example: This fossil footprint is a fact; it is an objective piece of evidence that can be observed and measured to support a scientific claim.

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Data Noun

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[dey-tuh]

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Data

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A type of evidence consisting of numbers or statistics related to information, typically obtained through research.

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Example: A crash test experiment collects measurements like impact force and dummy movement. This information is the data used as evidence for a scientific claim.

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Expert Opinion Noun

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[ek-spurt uh-pin-yuhn]

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Expert Opinion

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A type of evidence consisting of a belief or judgment about something given by an expert on the subject.

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Example: This graph shows that true expertise (high proficiency) is gained over a long time, unlike initial overconfidence which can be misleading.

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Anecdote Noun

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[an-ik-doht]

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Anecdote

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A type of evidence that uses a short personal story, observation, or illustrative example to support a point.

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Example: This image shows the famous story of an apple falling near Isaac Newton, which is a classic anecdote that illustrates how a personal observation can lead to scientific questions.

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Credible Source Noun

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[kred-uh-buhl sors]

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Credible Source

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A source of information that is reliable, trustworthy, and can be backed by verifiable evidence and expertise.

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Example: This image lists five key signs to check when deciding if a resource is reliable, such as its credibility, references, and context.