Two equations of Gibbs Free Energy in electrochemistry? Combination of them?

$$\Delta G=-nFE_{cell}$$ $$\Delta G=-RT\ln K$$ $$E_{cell}=\frac{RT}{nF}\ln K$$

Definition of Lattice Energy of Formation? Its sign?

Lattice energy of formation is the enthalpy change of the following process: $$a\text{M}_{\left(g\right)}^{Z+}+b\text X_{\left(g\right)}^{Z-}\rightarrow\text M_a\text{X}_{b\left(s\right)}$$ The reaction is exothermic, so LE<0. It is a negative value.

Born-Landé Equation? Variables?

$$LE=\frac{138940MZ_+Z_-}{r_0}\left(1-\frac{1}{n}\right)$$ LE is the lattice energy in kJ/mol, M is the Madelung's constant, $$r_0$$ is the cation-anion distance and n is the Born exponent.

Kapustinskii Equation? Variables?

$$LE=-\frac{\left(1.07\times10^5\right)vZ_+Z_-}{r_-+r_+}$$ where v is the number of atoms in molecular formula.

Entropy changes of the System/Surroundings/Universe?

$$\Delta S_{sys}=\Sigma\left(\Delta S_{prod}\right)-\Sigma\left(\Delta S_{reac}\right)$$ $$\Delta S_{surr}=-\frac{\Delta H_{sys}}{T}$$ $$\Delta S_{uni}=\Delta S_{surr}+\Delta S_{sys}$$

First Law of TD? Formula?

Energy is always conserved. $$dU=\bar dq+\bar dw$$

Second Law of TD? Formula? What about at reversible conditions?

Entropy of a system that is undergoing adiabatic process will never decrease. $$dS\ge\frac{\bar dq}{T}$$ At reversible conditions, $$dS=\frac{\bar dq}{T}$$

Derive the fundamental equation of $$U$$

From 2 nd law of TD, $$\bar dq=TdS$$ From reversible pressure-work formula, $$\bar dw=-pdV$$ So $$dU=TdS-pdV$$

What is path functions? What is the difference between state functions and path functions mathematically?

Functions that depend on path is called path functions. Path functions' change use inexact differential $$\bar d$$ instead of normal $$d$$ .

Condition of Haber process?

400-450°C, 200atm, Fe catalyst

Condition of industrial oxidation of SO 2 to SO 3 ?

450-500°C, 1atm, V 2 O 5 catalyst

Equation of Solvay process?

$$NaCl+NH_3+CO_2+H_2O\rightarrow NaHCO_3+NH_4Cl$$

Equation of the Chlor-Alkali process?

$$2NaCl+2H_2O\rightarrow2NaOH+H_2+Cl_2$$

What is the trend for Ionization Energy?

Ionization energies generally increases across the period and decreases down the group.

What is the trend for Effective Nuclear Charge?

Effective nuclear charge increases down the group and increases across the period.

Explain the trend of solubility.

Solubility is determined by $$\Delta H_{sol}$$ , where $$\Delta H_{sol}=\Delta H_{hyd}-LE$$ ; going down a group, $$LE$$ decreases and $$\Delta H_{hyd}$$ decreases as $$\Delta H_{hyd}\propto\rho_q$$ . So for large anions, $$\Delta H_{hyd}$$ dominates, so solubility decreases down a group. So for small anions, $$LE$$ dominates, so solubility increases down a group.

The trend of nucleophilicity across a period? Why?

Nucleophilicity decrease across a period as electronegativity increases.

Thermal decomposition trend down a group?

More stable due to polarization

Trend of electronegativity?

Decreases down the group. Increases across the period

$$A=\log\left(\ \frac{I_0}{I}\right)=\varepsilon lc$$

Compressibility Factor calculation?

$$Z=\frac{V_{m\left(real\right)}}{V_{m\left(ideal\right)}}=\frac{pV_{m\left(real\right)}}{RT}$$

Explain and give example for Z = 1, Z > 1 and Z < 1

Ideal Gas have Z = 1 Molecules that have small size and large IMF (Eg. NH 3 and CO 2 ) have Z > 1 Molecules that have large size and small IMF (Eg. SF 6 and Xe) have Z < 1

Van der Waals equation? Variables?

$$\left(p+\frac{an^2}{V^2}\right)\left(V-nb\right)=nRT$$ a is correction factor for IMF and b is the correction factor for molar molecular size

Clausius-Clapeyron equation for phase diagrams?

$$\frac{dp}{dT}=\frac{\Delta H}{T\Delta V_m}$$

Clausius-Clapeyron equation for vaporization?

$$\ln\left(\frac{p_1}{p_2}\right)=\frac{\Delta H_{vap}}{R}\left(\frac{1}{T_2}-\frac{1}{T_1}\right)$$

Trend of nucleophilicity down a group?

In polar protic solvents, nucleophilicity increases with size due to availability of lone pairs. In polar aprotic solvents, nucleophilicity decreases with size as solvation is minimal.

Wavenumber of an IR spectra?

$$\tilde v=\frac{h}{2\pi c}\sqrt\frac{k}{\mu}$$

Electric Field Strength formula?

$$E=\frac{F}{Q}=\frac{V}{d}=\frac{Q}{4\pi\varepsilon_0r^2}$$

Atomic Spectra formula?

$$\tilde v=\frac{1}{\lambda}=R_H\left(\frac{1}{n_1^2}-\frac{1}{n_2^2}\right)$$

MyNote Flashcards

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70 questions

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1.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Lennard-Jones Potential Formula?

Back

2.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Graph of Lennard-Jones Potential?

Back

3.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

In the Lennard-Jones Potential, which section represents attraction and repulsion, respectively?

Back

4.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

The formula of the Morse Potential?

What does each variable mean?

Back

5.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Factors affecting spontaneity of voltaic cells

Back

1. Voltage

2. Overpotential(energy to overcome interactions at electrode surface, mainly seen in gases)

3. Multiple electrode reactions

4. Not at standard conditions

6.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Faraday's Law?

Back

7.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Nernst Equation?

Back

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