Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

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Cellular Respiration Noun

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[sel-yuh-ler res-puh-rey-shuhn]

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Cellular Respiration

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The metabolic process of breaking down food, like glucose, to create usable cellular energy in the form of ATP.

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Example: The process of cellular respiration converts glucose and oxygen into carbon dioxide, water, and usable energy in the form of ATP.

Front

ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) Noun

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[ey-tee-pee (uh-den-uh-seen trahy-fos-feyt)]

Back

ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)

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The primary energy-carrying molecule in all living cells, often referred to as the cell's main energy currency.

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Example: This diagram shows that food (like rice) is used by the mitochondrion organelle to create ATP, which is the usable energy for the cell.

Front

Glucose Noun

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[gloo-kohs]

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Glucose

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A simple sugar that serves as the main reactant and primary source of energy for cellular respiration processes.

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Example: This image shows the ball-and-stick model of a glucose molecule (C₆H₁₂O₆), illustrating the carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms that form this simple sugar.

Front

Reactants Noun

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[ree-ak-tuhnts]

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Reactants

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The initial substances that are consumed during a chemical reaction and are subsequently converted into different substances called products.

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Example: The molecules on the left (CH4 and O2) are the reactants, which are the starting materials that combine and change during a chemical reaction.

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Products Noun

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[prod-uhkts]

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Products

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The new substances that are formed as the final result of a chemical reaction between the initial reactants.

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Example: In a chemical reaction, the new substances that are formed are called products. Here, carbon dioxide and water are the products of the reaction.

Front

ADP (Adenosine Diphosphate) Noun

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[ey-dee-pee (uh-den-uh-seen dahy-fos-feyt)]

Back

ADP (Adenosine Diphosphate)

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The molecule that results from ATP losing one phosphate group, which can be 'recharged' to form ATP again.

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Example: This image shows the structure of ADP (Adenosine Diphosphate) next to ATP, highlighting that ADP has two phosphate groups while ATP has three.

Front

Glycolysis Noun

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[glahy-kol-uh-sis]

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Glycolysis

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The universal first step of cellular respiration where glucose is broken down in the cytoplasm, with or without oxygen.

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Example: This diagram shows glycolysis, where one glucose molecule is broken down in the cell's cytosol to produce two pyruvic acid molecules and energy (ATP).

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Cytoplasm Noun

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[sahy-tuh-plaz-uhm]

Back

Cytoplasm

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The jelly-like substance that fills the cell and surrounds organelles, where processes like glycolysis and fermentation take place.

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Example: This diagram shows the cytoplasm as the jelly-like substance filling the cell, surrounding the nucleus and other organelles, where processes like fermentation occur.

Front

Aerobic Adjective

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[uh-roh-bik]

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Aerobic

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Describes a biological process, such as a stage of cellular respiration, that requires the presence of oxygen to occur.

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Example: This diagram shows aerobic respiration, a process that uses oxygen and glucose (sugar) to create usable energy (ATP) for the cell.

Front

Anaerobic Adjective

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[an-uh-roh-bik]

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Anaerobic

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Describes a biological process, such as fermentation, that can occur and proceed in the complete absence of oxygen.

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Example: This diagram shows how a cell makes energy (ATP) from glucose without oxygen by converting it to lactate, a process called anaerobic respiration.