AP Psychology Unit Guide 2 Questions

Front

How is perception influenced by whether one primarily relies on external sensory information (bottom-up processing) or internal prior expectations (top-down processing)?

Back

Bottom-up relies on sensory input; top-down relies on expectations

Front

How do schemas and perceptual sets act as internal factors that filter perceptions of the world?

Back

They are cognitive frameworks that organize and interpret input based on prior knowledge.

Front

How do contexts, experiences, and cultural expectations act as external factors that filter perceptions of the world?

Back

They provide background that shapes interpretation of sensory information.

Front

What perceptual principles proposed by Gestalt psychology (closure, figure and ground, proximity, and similarity) help explain how humans organize their perceptual world?

Back

They describe how people group elements into coherent wholes

Front

How is attention an interaction of sensation and perception affected by internal and external processes?

Back

It is influenced by internal states and external stimuli, altering how information is processed.

Front

How can attention be selective, as demonstrated by the cocktail party effect, where people attend to mentions of their names or specific topics in loud or distracting environments?

Back

Selective attention focuses on personally relevant stimuli amid noise

Front

How can inattention lead to a type of "blindness" to aspects of the environment, and what is change blindness?

Back

Inattention can cause failure to notice significant changes in a scene

Front

How do the binocular depth cues of retinal disparity and convergence utilize images from each eye to provide perception of depth?

Back

Differences and merging of images from each eye create depth perception

Front

What are monocular depth cues (relative clarity, relative size, texture gradient, linear perspective, and interposition), and how do they give the illusion of depth on flat or two-dimensional surfaces?

Back

Single-eye cues use visual patterns to infer depth on flat surfaces

Front

How do visual perceptual constancies maintain the perception of an object even when the images of the object in the visual field change?

Back

Size, shape, and color constancies allow stable perception despite changing input