Rinforcement session

Reinforcement session

particle theory, metals and non-metals, pH and rocks

Good morning in the morning! :)

Particles theory

• All matter consists of many, very small particles which are constantly moving or in a continual state of motion. 

• The arrangement of particles depend on the state of matter

• increasing or decreasing the energy will change the arrangement of particles

• more energy, more movement

Solid state

• packed arrangement of particles

• vibrate

• fixed shape

• fixed volume

• do not flow

• cannot be compressed

Liquid state

• take the shape of the container

• the particles move more freely than solids

• Less attraction forces

• Can flow

• can be compressed a little bit

• fixed volume

gas state

• particles spread around

• particles move freely

• full the container they are

• can be compressed (different volume)

• the particles flow

• 
  

Open Ended

Explain why liquids can be compressed just a little bit?

Multiple Choice

which of the following statements corresponds to the liquid state

• its particles are tight closely to each other and arranged in a fixed position

• its particles are in disorder but still have closeness to each other

• its particles are spread out and fill the space where contained

Multiple Select

Which of these characteristics correspond to the solid state

• fixed shape

• fixed volume

• no attraction forces

• can flow

• can be compressed

changes of state

• whenever the temperature of a substance is increased or decreased its state can change

• when a solid gains energy, it change to liquid by melting. its opposite is freezing.

• when a liquid gains energy, it change to gas by boiling. its opposite is condensation.

Open Ended

Youseff puts a small amount of water into a flat dish

He then leaves the dish outside in the warm sunshine

After a while, the water dissapears

Explain what happens to water particles

Metals

• Shine

• Electricity and heat conductors

• Strong

• Magnetic

• Malleable

• Ductil

• High melting points

Non-metals

• Dull

• Brittle

• Do not conduct heat or electricity

• Not magnetic

• Low melting points

• 
  

• 
  

Multiple Select

two of the following statements are false about metalic elements.

• The most of them reflect light, they are shiny

• Not all of them are good conductors of heat or electricity

• They can easily be broken, they are brittle

• At low temperatures they melt

Multiple Choice

Luka's investigation is about electrical conductivity

The table shows his results

Which metal would be the best to use for electical wires

• A

• B

• C

• D

Multiple Choice

The table shows properties of four different materials

Which one is a non-metal?

• A

• B

• C

• D

pH

• universal indicator paper is used to identify in the lab

• measures the acidity level of a substances

• its scale goes from 0 to 14

• from 0 to 6 substances are acid

• from 8 to 14 substances are alkali

• at pH 7, substances are alkali

• a reaction between an acid and an alkali is called neutralization

Open Ended

Maryam mixed an alkali solution with orange juice

What is the name of this reaction?

Open Ended

Look at the picture

Which juice is neutral?

Rocks, minerals and soils

Where do we live?

1-crust: the thinnest layer, very light substances can be found here, is divided into tectonic plates

2-Mantle: the thickest layer, iron, magnesium and silicon, hot and semi solid

3-Outer core: made of nickel and iron, origin of magnetic field of earth

4-inner core: spins faster than the rest of the earth, its about 5,400°C

Rocks and Minerals

Rocks are made of different minerals

each mineral is made of one cemical substance

the picture shows granite (a rock), which is made of:

-glassy crystals are quartz (SiO₄)

-large pink are feldspar (SiO₂)

-black ones are mica (AlSi₃O₁₀)

Soil

• made of small particles of rock and minerals

• also contain remains of plants, animals and waste prodcts (humus)

igneous rocks

• when magma cools and solidifies

• when cools underground, the process is slow and form large crystals

• when cools near the surface, small crystals are formed

Multiple Select

Which of the following are igneous rocks

• A

• B

• C

• D

• E

Sedimentary rocks

• made from little grains of sediment that are stuck together

• made up of layers

• sometimes contain fossils

• are porous

Multiple Choice

which of the following are sedimentary rocks?

• A

• C

• D

• E

• F

Metamorphic rocks

• when heat and pressure change other rocks

• Are harder rocks than the ones from which they were formed

• rocks next to lava

• you will find them as deeper into the earth you are

• 
  

Multiple Select

which of the following are metamorphic rocks?

• A

• C

• D

• E

• F

Multiple Choice

Metamorphic rocks do not normally contain fossils.

Which of the following ones is the best explanation?

• animals did not live where metamorphic rocks were formed

• metamorphic rocks are formed when molten magma cools

• metamorphic rocks were formed before there were life on earth

• metamorphic rocks were formed under high pressures and temperatures

Energy stores and transfers

• Energy cannot be created or destroyed. It can be stored, or it can be transferred 

• Energy is required to make something happen

Chemical stores of energy

• Foods, fuels and batteries are all chemical stores of energy

• Require for chemical reactions to release their energy

Kinetic energy

• All moving things have kinetic energy, even very large things like planets, and very small ones like atoms. 

• Depends on the mass of the object and the speed

• Friction reduces it and transform it into heat

Elastic energy and gravitational potential

• an object which is stretched or squashed is a store of elastic energy

• an object which has been lifted upwards is a store of gravitational potential energy

Energy transfers

• Energy can be transferred from one object to another

• electrical energy

• heat energy

• light energy

• sound energy