Chapter 10 section 2 La history

Chapter 10 section 2 La history

Just as Governor Moore had taken control of federal facilities in Louisiana, CSA forces in South Carolina demanded that U.S. forces withdraw from Fort Sumter, a federal fort that guarded the entrance to Charleston’s harbor. Louisiana native Pierre Gustave Toutant (P. G. T.) Beauregard had been placed in charge of Confederate troops in the city. When federal forces tried to resupply their troops, P. G. T. Beauregard ordered an artillery assault to prevent it. Without the supplies or arms they needed to defend themselves, the federal troops quickly surrendered. 

Multiple Choice

Louisianan that led the artillery assault on Fort Sumter.

• Hubert Tosaint (H. T.) Boudreaux

• Jean Lafitte

• Huey Long

• Pierre Gustave Toutant (P. G. T.) Beauregard

The Confederate assault on Fort Sumter led to cries for war on both sides. When President Lincoln called for 75,000 volunteers to help put down the Confederate rebellion, four more southern states seceded and joined the CSA. The Soldiers: Volunteers and Conscripts In the war’s early months, many men eagerly volunteered to serve in the CSA army. Many were as wild to enter the war as Kate Stone’s brothers. Thousands of Louisiana volunteers organized within standing militia units or created entirely new ones. Major Chatham Roberdeau Wheat organized one of the volunteer units most closely identified with Louisiana. Wheat was a veteran of the Mexican-American War and a soldier of fortune (one who fights in wars primarily for profit or for adventure). Civil War had begun.

He was eager to enter the fight once the Civil War began. Wheat recruited most of his five hundred men, many of them Irish and German immigrants, along the wharves and docks in New Orleans. He was able to supply his battalion with good weapons and new uniforms, but many of his men resisted military discipline. The unit gained a reputation for their willingness to fight the enemy, but also for drinking too much and fighting fellow Confederates. Their ferocity (fierceness) and legendary rowdiness (unruliness) gained them the nickname the “Fighting Tigers” or “Wheat’s Tigers.” After Wheat’s death in June 1862, the Tigers were disbanded and the surviving members were sent to other units. Their questionable reputation, however, remained and extended to all Louisiana soldiers during the Civil War

Multiple Choice

Louisiana fighting unit founded by Major Chatham Roberdeau Wheat that was known for its fierce fighting and lack of discipline.

• Lambasting Leghorns

• Rooster Corp

• Lama Batama's

• Fighting Tigers

Despite initial enthusiasm for serving in the conflict, the numbers of volunteers fell sharply as casualties mounted and it became clear the war would be a long, bloody struggle. To make service more attractive, the Confederate government first offered a bounty (reward) to men who were willing to serve. When this failed to provide the desired numbers, the Confederate Congress passed the war’s first Conscription Act (an act to set up a draft—compulsory enlistment for military service) for southern men. The act extended the initial one-year term of enlistment to three years, and required all able-bodied men between eighteen and thirty-five to enlist for the three-year term. Later, men serving in professions considered critical were exempted (excused), as were men who were wealthy enough to pay a substitute to serve in their place.

Multiple Choice

The Conscription Act set up the civil wars first

• All volunteer Battalion

• Northern government in the South

• independent country

• Draft

The War Comes Home

The most controversial aspect of Confederate conscription was it exempted masters or overseers who had more than twenty able-bodied slaves. Since most common men held no slaves and could not pay for a substitute, the complaint began to circulate that the war was “a rich man’s struggle but a poor man’s fight.” 

Given the huge number of battle casualties, reluctance to serve was understandable. The Battle of Shiloh, which took place in Tennessee on April 6 and 7, 1862, ended with 1 in 5 men—more than 23,000 in all—killed, wounded, captured, or missing. At that time, it was the bloodiest battle in American history. Many Louisiana soldiers fought at Shiloh, and P. G. T. Beauregard directed the Confederate effort on the second day.

Multiple Select

Who were exempted from the draft in Louisiana?

• Landowners

• People in critical professions

• Masters or overseers that had twenty or more slaves

• wealthy who could afford to pay others to go fight for them

Over the next few weeks, wounded soldiers and the bodies of those killed arrived back in Louisiana, bringing the war home to the civilian population Because water transport was so important to the South’s economy, the Union quickly adopted the strategy of a blockade of the region’s ports. A blockade is the use of naval forces to isolate a seaport and prevent ships from entering or leaving it. By July 1861, the Union navy had established an effective blockade of all southern ports, including the mouth of the Mississippi River and the port of New Orleans. The goal of the blockade was to prohibit shipping, thus damaging the southern economy, and to prevent Confederates from receiving war supplies including weapons. With a Union blockade at the mouth of the Mississippi, food and supplies had already begun to run short in New Orleans.

Multiple Choice

The use of naval forces to isolate a seaport and prevent ships from entering or leaving it.

• Blockade

• Constraint

• Landlock

• Insturmentation

Multiple Choice

What is the purpose of a blockade?

• To create fear in the Population

• To prohibit shipping, thus damaging the southern economy, and to prevent Confederates from receiving war supplies including weapons.

• To force the South to pay a ransom

• To get Louisianans to join the Northern Army

Because ships could neither leave nor enter the port, normal business operations stopped. Despite repeated warnings that New Orleans was vulnerable to Union attack, Fort Jackson and Fort St. Philip were the city’s only protection to the south.  Louisiana had seized the forts, located about seventy miles below New Orleans on both banks of the river, shortly before seceding. A Union naval fleet led by flag officer David Farragut began to bombard those forts in mid-April of 1862. Finally, on the night of April 24, Farragut made his move. He attempted to lead his fleet upriver past the forts and through the obstructions placed in the river by the Confederates. 

A spectacular naval battle took place as Confederates fired on the fleet. Farragut’s ships returned fire and broke through Confederate chains and flaming barges that were meant to slow their progress. On April 25, New Orleanians witnessed the sight of Union gunboats anchoring across from Jackson Square. Adding to the chaos were the fires that had been set by soldiers and civilians to destroy cotton bales and other goods to keep them out of Union hands. Confederate troops under Major General Mansfield Lovell had already begun to leave the city and retreat to Fort Moore in Tangipahoa Parish. Many New Orleanians were upset that their city had not been better defended.

Multiple Choice

Who was the Union Admiral that led his ships past Fort Jackson and Fort Philip, past confederate obstructions and into New Orleans

• Ulysses S. Grant

• William Sherman

• David Farragut

• John Brown

Multiple Choice

What did the citizens do to cotton bales to prevent them from falling into the hands of the Union?

• They took them to Tangipahoa

• They hid them underground

• They set them a fire

• They sank them in the Mississippi

. General Butler Takes Command

They alternately blamed Lovell and Confederate President Jefferson Davis. Nor did the angry population readily accept Union occupation. The first American flag hung by Farragut’s forces was pulled down, torn to pieces, and distributed to members of a mob by a man named William Mumford. Mumford was later hanged for this action On May 1, David Farragut turned the city over to Union General Benjamin Butler. Farragut then started upriver toward his next objective, the capture of Baton Rouge. Meanwhile, Butler took immediate actions to get New Orleans and its people under control. He supported an existing free market to feed the hungry. He also put civilians and slaves to work cleaning the dirty city in the hopes of avoiding a yellow fever outbreak in the coming months.

Multiple Select

Which were Actions of General Butler during his tenure as the union General over the occupation of New Orleans?

• put civilians and slaves to work cleaning the dirty city in the hopes of avoiding a yellow fever

• He ended Slavery

• supported an existing free market to feed the hungry

• He gave money out of his own pocket to feed the poor

Unrest in Occupied New Orleans

Still, many in the city continued to confront or resist Union occupation. Soldiers and officers were particularly surprised by the disrespect shown them by the city’s women. Confederate-loyal women expressed their displeasure by wearing small Confederate flags and ribbons, and crossing the street or leaving a streetcar to avoid contact with Union soldiers. In other cases, women or their children actually spat on the occupying troops. Outraged, General Butler issued his infamous General Order No. 28 on May 15. The order demanded that the city’s women cease to “insult or show contempt” to Union officers or soldiers. If they did not, Butler threatened punishment.

Multiple Choice

How did citizens of New Orleans respond to Union occupation?

• They confronted or resisted Union forces

• They tried to work with them

• They formed armed Militia and attacked them

• The submitted to what the union wanted them to do

Multiple Choice

What surprised the Union soldiers and officers?

• How big New Orleans was

• How hot it was

• That the women disrespected them

• That there were no men

Multiple Select

Which were examples of how the women of New Orleans disrespected the Union soldiers and officers

• They wore lapel pins of the Union flag upside down

• They spat on them

• They avoided any contact with them

• They wore confederate lapel pins

Nurseries of Treason

Because the schools were teaching their students lessons in Confederate patriotism, Butler considered them “nurseries of treason.” He closed the schools two weeks early. Over the summer, he had northern schoolbooks shipped to the city. He also demanded that teachers take an oath of loyalty to the Union in order to keep their jobs. Many refused to do so and lost their positions. Some parents kept their children home rather than have them taught by Unionist teachers.

Multiple Select

New Orleans City Schools taught the children of New Orleans Patriotism to the Confederate Cause. How did General Butler deal with that issue

• He had Northern Schoolbooks sent to the city

• He made teachers sign an oath of loyalty to the Union or lose their jobs.

• He ignored the problem

• He ended school two weeks early in the summer

Confiscation of Confederate Property

Butler confronted Confederate-loyal people in other ways as well. He vigorously enforced the Confiscation Act. This allowed the Union army to confiscate (take possession of) the property of those who continued to support the Confederacy. His confiscation of the property of many wealthy New Orleanians, including their family silver, and his harsh treatment of the city’s women earned him the nicknames “Spoons” and “Beast” Butler. As troops under Butler’s direction began to expand their occupation south of the city, he continued to exercise the rights of confiscation. Union troops fed themselves by taking the property of those Confederates they encountered along Bayou Lafourche and Bayou Teche. Oftentimes, people who had very little to begin with were even more desperate after Union troops moved through. 

Multiple Choice

What Act allowed Butler to take the property of those that continued to support the Confederacy?

• Eminent Domain

• The Treason Act

• The Enemy Act

• Confiscation Act

Multiple Select

What nicknames were given to Butler because he treated the women of New Orleans harshly and took their property?

• Forks

• Knife

• Spoons

• The beast

Butler’s Removal

Despite the Union military successes, back in New Orleans General Butler became involved in repeated conflicts with foreign consuls (officials appointed by one country to look after their citizens and business interests in another). Many consuls remained in the city, and often they supported the Confederacy. Butler was also accused of allowing his brother to engage in war profiteering (making an unfair profit on essential goods during emergency times). The brother did this by importing food and other goods for resale at very high prices. Butler’s many disputes and the suggestion of corruption—though never proved—led to his dismissal. General Nathaniel Banks replaced Butler in December 1862.

Multiple Choice

Why was Butler dismissed from ruling over New Orleans?

• He had man disputes with citizens

• He was accused of letting his brother profit on the misfortune of the citizens by selling food at high prices

• He was not willing to listen to Confederate leaders

• Robert E. Lee did not approve of him

Union Occupation Spreads

Union occupation spread to other parts of the state as well. In early May 1862, Baton Rouge fell to Farragut’s fleet. Although Confederate troops contested its possession, the city stayed in Union hands for the rest of the war. 

The Anaconda Plan

Now Farragut and other naval officers turned their sights upriver, where the Union goal was to take control of the river at Vicksburg, Mississippi. The strategy for controlling the Mississippi River was called the Anaconda Plan. Its goal was to squeeze its opponent into submission, like an anaconda (a large snake that crushes its prey in its coils) did its victim. Union control of the river would separate Confederate forces in western Louisiana, Texas, and Arkansas from the rest of the Confederacy. This would weaken an already outnumbered army. Banks also used his ground forces to challenge Confederates in other parts of the state.

Multiple Choice

The name for the Union plan for war was

• The Boa Plan

• The Lincoln Plan

• The Anaconda Plan

• The 10% plan

Union forces had taken control of much of southeastern Louisiana, including Houma and Thibodaux, in 1862. In early 1863, Banks began to move Union forces into southwestern Louisiana, hoping to extend Union control to all parts of the state. Union troops engaged Confederate forces under the command of Richard Taylor . Despite determined fighting by the Confederates, by the end of April, Union forces controlled most of southwestern Louisiana, including Alexandria, New Iberia, and Vermilionville (today’s Lafayette). General Banks even managed to capture Opelousas, forcing the Confederate state government to move to Shreveport. 

The Siege at Port Hudson

After establishing control over much of the bottom half of the state, Banks led an overland campaign to take control of Port Hudson, about thirty miles north of Baton Rouge. Union naval forces had been unable to gain control of the Confederate outpost. Confederate soldiers had dug a large network of trenches to protect the fort and give them cover from gunfire. With a force of more than thirty thousand men, Banks ordered three unsuccessful attacks on the much smaller but well-protected Confederate force. Union soldiers suffered many casualties but made little progress.

Multiple Choice

Why did Banks attack on Port Hudson prove to be unsuccessful?

• The confederates were well dug in and protected from fire in a network of trenches

• The Union Soldiers were lazy

• The Confederates launched a surprise attack

• The Confederates had already abandoned the fort

When Banks could not find enough volunteers for a fourth attack, he decided to surround and wait out the Confederates. The siege that followed lasted forty-eight days, the longest in Civil War history. A siege is a tactic where an army tries to capture a fort or town by surrounding it and preventing supplies from reaching it. 

Multiple Choice

What is a siege?

• A tactic where the opposing army is lured into a trap where they are attacked from both sides

• A tactic where the opposing army plays as if they have abandoned a Fort only to surprise the enemy

• A tactic where an army tries to capture a fort or town by surrounding it and preventing supplies from reaching it.

• A large cannon used to bust through concrete

Multiple Choice

How long did the siege of Port Hudson last?

• two weeks

• a month

• a year

• 48 days

The Vicksburg Campaign Ultimately, events upriver at Vicksburg, Mississippi, led to a Confederate surrender. Vicksburg was located on a very high bluff approximately 150 miles above Port Hudson. It was well protected by a large Confederate force and had enough firepower to prevent a large Union naval fleet from passing below. For more than a year, Union forces had been trying to find a way to move troops along the river on the Louisiana side so they could cross the river south of Vicksburg and reach the city overland. 

Union troops and slaves taken from nearby plantations had even begun to dig a canal designed to reroute water from the Mississippi. This would create a shortcut for transporting troops to Vicksburg. After months of work, the canal collapsed. In the end, Union General Ulysses S. Grant had to march his troops more than one hundred miles to achieve his objective. The troops were then ferried across the river so they could begin their advance on Vicksburg. Like General Banks at Port Hudson, Grant created a siege around Vicksburg.

After being forced to hide in caves to avoid Union bombardment and eating all the food available—including rats and mules—Confederate forces surrendered on July 4, 1863. Coincidentally, this was the same day Confederate General Robert E. Lee began his retreat from Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, having been defeated on the battlefield the previous day. Upon hearing the news, the remaining Confederate forces at Port Hudson surrendered to General Banks on July 9, 1863.

Multiple Choice

How did Grant take Vicksburg?

• He round itwent a

• He bombed it into submission

• He attacked it head on

• He laid siege on it