Unit 1 Review

Unit 1 Review

Earthquakes

• Sudden release of energy from inside Earth, which can result in significant shaking of Earth's surface.

• Energy is released when movement occurs along large cracks called faults in Earth's outer layer.

Tectonic Plates

• Earth's crust is split into tectonic plates that move slowly over time causing earthquakes along boundaries.

• lithosphere - location of the tectonic plates

• asthenosphere - layer of the mantle directly below the lithosphere

Earthquakes can be described in 2 ways

• Magnitude is the number that describes the total amount of energy released at the source of an earthquake.

• Intensity describes the kind of damage caused by an earthquake.

• Magnitude affects intensity because an earthquake of a higher magnitude releases more energy than an earthquake of a lower magnitude.

Measuring Earthquakes

• Richter scale - measures magnitude

• Modified Mercalli Scale - measures intensity

Seismometers

Instrument used to measure the strength of an earthquake. Measure the waves traveling across the ground and the time that they arrived.

Seismogram

P wave - Primary wave (arrive first)

S wave - Secondary wave (arrive second)

Surface Waves arrive last

Earthquake Epicenter

• focus -Location beneath earth's surface where the energy of an earthquake is located.

• epicenter - location directly above the focus.

Types of Boundaries

• Divergent - plates move away from each other

• Convergent - plates move toward each other

• Transform - plates slide past each other

Types of Faults

Normal Fault

Reverse Fault

Strike-Slip Faults

Latitude and Longitude

• latitude - distance north or south of the equator

• longitude - distance east or west of the prime meridian

Ring of Fire

Area around the pacific plate where lots of earthquakes and volcanoes are located due to the constant shifting of the plate.

Rock Cycle

3 types of Rocks:

Igneous

Sedimentary

Metamorphic

3 types of rocks

• Igneous rock - formed from cooled magma

• Metamorphic rock - formed by heat and pressure

• Sedimentary rock - formed from sediments after they are compacted and cemented together.

Volcanoes

3 types

Shield

Composite/Stratovolcano

Cinder Cone Volcano

3 types of volcanoes

• Shield volcanoes are wide, with a broad slope. They form over hot spots and divergent boundaries. They produce runny lava.

• Composite Volcanoes are tall and pointed. They form from alternating eruptions of lava and ash. The lava is sticky and does not flow. Form at convergent boundaries.

• Cinder cone volcanoes are smaller cone shaped volcanoes. The eruptions contain thick magma. The lava may harden in the air and fall as fragments (cinders)

Multiple Choice

Any rock that forms from another rock as a result of changes in heat or pressure (or both) is a:

• chemical rock

• igneous rock

• sedimentary rock

• metamorphic rock

Multiple Choice

A volcano that has gentle sloping sides and is formed from runny lava

• Shield volcano
• Cinder cone
• Composite
• None of these

Multiple Choice

When an explosive eruption  forms a mixture of hot rock, ash, and gas, this material is called a...?

• Land slide
• Lava
• Eruption trail
• Pyroclastic flow

Multiple Choice

What is Magma when it reaches the surface of Earth?

• Lava
• Mafic Magma
• Felsic Magma
• None of these

Multiple Choice

Name the boundary

• convergent boundary
• divergent boundary
• transform boundary
• sergent boundary

Multiple Choice

What kind of plate boundary is shown here?

• divergent
• convergent
• transform
• subducting

Multiple Choice

What is the minimum number of seismograph stations needed to locate an earthquake epicenter?

• 1

• 2

• 3

• 5

Multiple Choice

What type of fault is this?

• Normal

• Reverse

• Strike-slip

Multiple Choice

What scale determines the amount of damage an earthquake causes?

• Richter scale

• Mercalli scale

• Moment magnitude scale

• seismographic scale

Multiple Choice

The place where an earthquake originates inside the Earth's surface is called...

• Epicenter

• Focus

• Underground

• Crust