Unit 4 Exam Review - Respiratory System

Unit 4 Exam Review - Respiratory System

Multiple Choice

Gas exchange in humans involves three stages. Which of the following is NOT a stage of gas exchange?

• breathing

• transport of gases

• gas exchange of gases with tissues

• concurrent flow

Multiple Choice

_________________—inhalation of oxygen and exhalation of carbon dioxide

• breathing

• transport of gases

• gas exchange of gases with tissues

• concurrent flow

Multiple Choice

_____________ —oxygen and carbon dioxide must be exchanged at the cellular level.

• breathing

• transport of gases

• gas exchange of gases with tissues

• concurrent flow

Multiple Choice

____________________ —oxygen and carbon dioxide must be transported to and from the tissues of the body.

• breathing

• transport of gases

• gas exchange of gases with tissues

• concurrent flow

Multiple Choice

Which of the following statements regarding gas exchange is correct?

• Contracting muscle tissue do not need increased amounts of O₂.

• Blood that is leaving metabolically active tissues is high in O₂.

• Blood that is leaving the lungs is high in O₂ and low in CO₂.

• Blood returning to the heart from body tissues is low in CO₂.

Multiple Choice

True or false: Gas exchange occurs via osmosis.

• True

• False

Multiple Choice

These organisms obtain oxygen through diffusion across their skin into blood vessels.

• Insects

• Earthworms

• Fish

• Humans

Multiple Choice

These organisms obtain oxygen through extensions of the body surface specialized for gas exchange called gills.

• Insects

• Earthworms

• Fish

• Humans

Multiple Choice

These organisms obtain oxygen through an extensive system of internal tubes with a thin epithelium at the tips through holes in exoskeleton called spiracles; exchanges gases directly with the cells.

• Insects

• Earthworms

• Fish

• Humans

Multiple Choice

These organisms obtain oxygen through internal sacs (called alveoli) lined with a moist epithelium; requires a circulatory system to transport gases to and from tissues .

• Insects

• Earthworms

• Fish

• Humans

Multiple Choice

Do insects have lungs?

• Yes

• No

Insects do not have a circulatory system

• Insects do not have lungs, nor do they transport oxygen through a circulatory system in the manner that humans do.

• Instead, the insect respiratory system relies on a simple gas exchange that bathes the insect's body in oxygen and expels the carbon dioxide waste.

• Insects can control respiration to some degree.

• They are able to open and close their spiracles via muscle contractions.

• Path: Spiracles→Trachea→Tracheole→Tissues

• Insects can keep its spiracle valves closed to prevent moisture loss.

Multiple Choice

In the tracheal system, the circulatory system is bypassed by small branches, called ____________, that contact most of the insect’s cells.

• tracheoles

• spiracles

• trachea

Multiple Choice

The transfer of oxygen between two fluids that are moving in opposite directions is referred to as ___________________.

• concurrent exchange

• inhalation

• breathing

• countercurrent exchange

Fish Breathing

• Mouth opens (operculum is closed)

• Water rushes into the mouth down a pressure gradient

• The pressure inside the mouth is now higher than in the opercular cavity

• Water moves from mouth over the gills into the opercular cavity

• The mouth is now closed and the operculum opens

• The sides of the opercular cavity move inwards, increasing the pressure

• Water rushes out of the fish through the operculum

Countercurrent Exchange

• In countercurrent flow/exchange, blood flows in the opposite direction to the flow of water

• This results in the oxygen concentration gradient between the blood in the gills and the water being maintained across the entire length of the gill lamella.

• This causes oxygen to diffuse down the oxygen concentration gradient from the water to the blood.

• Even when the concentration of oxygen in the water is low at the opercular cavity end of the lamella, blood has just entered the gill lamella, therefore, is even lower in oxygen concentration.

• This means there is still a diffusion gradient allowing the diffusion of oxygen from the water into the blood.

• With parallel/concurrent flow, the concentration of oxygen in the water and in the blood in the gills will equalise, therefore no more oxygen exchange would take place.

Multiple Choice

Animals that effectively use their body surface for gas exchange must _____________.

• have a special kind of hemoglobin.

• have a low ratio of body surface area to volume.

• be terrestrial.

• have a high ratio of body surface area to volume.

Multiple Choice

Medullary breathing centers directly sense and respond to

• blood pH and CO₂ concentration.

• blood O₂ concentration.

• alveolar O₂ concentration.

• blood pH and O₂ concentration.

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is likely to have the highest concentration of O₂?

• fast flowing river

• air

• cold lake water

• warm salt water

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is likely to have the lowest concentration of O₂?

• fast flowing river

• air

• cold lake water

• warm salt water

Multiple Choice

Within the lungs, gas exchange occurs across

• alveoli.

• bronchioles.

• diaphragms.

• bronchi.

Multiple Choice

During ______________, the volume of air increases, which causes the pressure to drop and air to rush in from outside.

• inhalation

• exhalation

Multiple Choice

During _____________, the volume of air decreases, which causes the pressure to increase and air rush to out.

• inhalation

• exhalation

Multiple Choice

Identify A

• bronchioles

• bronchus

• alveoli

• trachea

Multiple Choice

Identify B

• bronchioles

• bronchus

• alveoli

• trachea

Multiple Choice

When you exhale, you:

• exchange CO₂ for O₂.

• remove CO₂ from the body.

• take up oxygen and release carbon dioxide to the blood.

• take up carbon dioxide and release oxygen.

Multiple Choice

Which of the following options correctly lists the direction of oxygen travel as it enters the body?

• nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli

• nasal cavity, larynx, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli

• nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchioles, bronchi, alveoli

• nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, alveoli, bronchioles

Multiple Choice

Which of the following options correctly lists the direction of carbon dioxide travel as it leaves the body?

• alveoli, bronchioles, bronchi, trachea, larynx, pharynx

• alveoli, bronchi, bronchioles, trachea, larynx, pharynx

• alveoli, bronchi, bronchioles, trachea, pharynx, larynx

• alveoli, bronchioles, bronchi, trachea, pharynx, larynx

Multiple Choice

Oxygen is mostly transported through the body in which of the following forms?

• dissolved in red blood cells

• bound to hemoglobin

• bound to dissolved iron

• dissolved in the blood

Multiple Choice

What side of the heart do you find oxygenated blood?

• Right side

• Left side

Multiple Choice

A common misconception is that your body regulates breathing in response to the levels of O₂. What actually regulates respiration rate?

• levels of CO₂.

• levels of hemoglobin

• level of blood volume

• blood pressure

Normal Blood

• The respiratory system contributes to the balance of acids and bases in the body by regulating the blood levels of carbonic acid.

• CO₂ in the blood readily reacts with water to form carbonic acid, and the levels of CO₂ and carbonic acid in the blood are in equilibrium.

Low pH Blood

• When the CO₂ level in the blood rises (as it does when you hold your breath), the excess CO₂ reacts with water to form additional carbonic acid, lowering blood pH.

• Increasing the rate and/or depth of respiration (which you might feel the “urge” to do after holding your breath) allows you to exhale more CO₂.

High pH Blood

• The loss of CO₂ from the body reduces blood levels of carbonic acid and thereby adjusts the pH upward, toward normal levels.

• Excessive deep and rapid breathing (as in hyperventilation) rids the blood of CO₂ and reduces the level of carbonic acid, making the blood too alkaline.

• This brief alkalosis can be remedied by rebreathing air that has been exhaled into a paper bag.

• Rebreathing exhaled air will rapidly bring blood pH down toward normal.