Cells - Life is Cellular + Cell Structure and Function

Cells

Life is Cellular

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Cell Structure and Function

You will have the chance to share one thing you know on the next slide

Open Ended

Share one thing you already know about cells (you can't repeat something that was already shared with the class)

LIFE IS CELLULAR

Learning Goals

• What is Cell Theory?

• Relate the advancement of microscopes to the better understanding of cells

• Name and describe the basic cell structures

• Differentiate between prokaryotes and eukaryotes

​There are a wide variety of cells

4 Characteristics that all cells have in common:

• ​Contain DNA

• ​Surrounded by a cell membrane

• ​Contain cytoplasm

• ​Have ribosomes

Multiple Choice

Who was the first to discover microorganisms with an early microscope?

• Hooke

• Darwin

• Leeuwenhoek

• Schleiden

Multiple Choice

Who use an early microscope and was the first to use the word 'cell' to describe what we know as cells today?

• Hooke

• Newton

• Leeuwenhoek

• Schleiden

Multiple Choice

Which of the following statements is NOT part of cell theory?

• Cells are the smallest unit of life

• All living things are made of cells

• All life is multicellular

• All cells come from other pre-existing cells

Multiple Choice

Which type of cells contain a nucleus?

• prokaryotes

• eukaryotes

• all cells

Multiple Choice

Which type of cells have DNA?

• prokaryotes

• eukaryotes

• all cells

Multiple Choice

Which type of cells have a cell membrane?

• prokaryotes

• eukaryotes

• all cells

Multiple Choice

Which type of cells contain ribosomes?

• prokaryotes

• eukaryotes

• all cells

Multiple Choice

Which type of cells contain cytoplasm?

• prokaryotes

• eukaryotes

• all cells

Multiple Choice

Which type of cells are complex and have membrane-bound organelles?

• prokaryotes

• eukaryotes

• all cells

Multiple Choice

Human cells belong to which group

• prokaryotes

• eukaryotes

CELL STRUCTURE & FUNCTION

Learning Goals

• Identify the structures of the major cell organelles

• Explain the functions of the major cell organelles

ORGANELLES FOR CELL CONTROL AND DISTRIBUTION OF MATERIALS

NUCLEUS

• Found in all Eukaryotic ells

• ​Control center of cell

• ​Contains cell's DNA: instructions for what cell does / how to make proteins

​Nucleolus: central dense region

Nuclear Pores: openings let certain materials in/out

Nuclear Membrane/Envelope: double membrane layer surrounds nucleus

Chromatin: DNA + proteins

CYTOPLASM

• Jelly-like substance that the organelles and structures are suspended in inside the cell

• Made of mostly water and salts

RIBOSOMES

• Makes proteins

  • protein synthesis

• Found in all cells

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER)

• Conveyor belt membrane system for proteins going out of the cell

• Rough ER: is rough with ribosomes!

• Smooth ER: no ribosomes, like a warehouse

GOLGI APPARATUS

• Modify, sort and package proteins

• Proteins are “shipped” to their final destinations inside / outside the cell

• ​Vesicles: "packages" the Golgi sends

• ​Like Amazon or Post Office of the cell

Multiple Choice

Which organelle is the membrane system that acts as a "conveyer belt" to move proteins

• ribosomes

• endoplasmic reticulum

• golgi apparatus

• nucleus

Multiple Choice

Which type of organelle performs protein synthesis?

• ribosomes

• endoplasmic reticulum

• golgi apparatus

• nucleus

Multiple Choice

Which organelle modifies, sorts, and ships proteins?

• ribosomes

• endoplasmic reticulum

• golgi body

• nucleus

ORGANELLES FOR STORAGE, CLEAN UP, AND SUPPORT

VACUOLE

• Store materials: water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates

• Plant Cells: single large central vacuole filled with water

• Animal Cells: small vacuoles maintain water balance (homeostasis)

LYSOSOMES

• “cleanup crew” of the cell - removes waste

• contain digestive enzymes

• Also break down old organelles

CYTOSKELETON + CENTRIOLES

• Structure and transport 

• Help transport materials along structures (like a railroad) involved in cell movement

• Centrioles - involved in cell division, only in animal cells

Multiple Choice

Which organelle acts as a "storage tank" for water,salts, proteins, and carbs?

• vacuole

• lysosomes

• cytoskeleton

Multiple Choice

Which organelle acts as the "cleanup crew" of a cell?

• vacuole

• lysosomes

• cytoskeleton

ORGANELLES FOR ENERGY

SUPPLYING THE CELL WITH ENERGY

Mitochondria & Chloroplasts

All living things require energy Metabolism at the cellular level 2 organelles do this Chloroplasts and Mitochondria

MITOCHONDRIA

​Inherit from mother

Has own DNA!

Sort of act as "own organism"

Does own thing in cell

Replicate themselves on own

Does not need instructions from cell's nucleus

• ​Convert/provide energy!

• Break down glucose from “food”, convert into chemical E (ATP) cell can use

​​Structure: double-membrane, inner membrane folded.

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Cell can have 100s-1000s depending on type of cell!

CHLOROPLAST

• Performs photosynthesis

• Capture and convert E from sunlight into chemical energy (stored as food) - GLUCOSE

• Contains green pigment chlorophyll

• ​Found in plant cells and eukaryotic algae (perform photosynthesis)

CELL MEMBRANE

• Barrier that regulates what enters and leaves the cell

• Protects and supports cell

• ​Made of lipid bilayer with proteins

CELL WALL

• Support, shape, and protection

• ​Lets certain materials pass: water, gases, & other materials

• ANIMAL CELLS DO NOT HAVE A CELL WALL

• Commonly found in bacteria, archaea, fungi, plants, and algae cells

Multiple Choice

What do chloroplasts make?

• light energy

• glucose

• ATP

Multiple Choice

What do mitochondria make?

• proteins

• glucose

• chemical E called ATP

Multiple Choice

Which organelle has chlorophyll and performs photosynthesis making glucose for the cell?

• mitochondria

• chloroplasts

Multiple Choice

The mitochondria has the legendary name of "the powerhouse of the cell", but what does this mean?

• Mitochondria makes"food" for the cell

• Mitochondria breaks down energy for the cell

• Mitochondria makes energy for the cell

Multiple Choice

Which of the following do ALL cells have?

• cell wall

• cell membrane

• nucleus

Multiple Choice

Animal cells have a cell wall

• true

• false

ORGANELLES FOR MOVEMENT

CILIA + FLAGELLA

Flagella

long whip-like tail organelle

extend from cell surface

can have 1 or more

not on all cells

​Cilia

short hair-like organelles

​extend from surface of cell

sense things / movement